Community and public health nursing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Network and general wellbeing nursing - Case Study Example Clearly, the pervasiveness rates increments with age where U.S kids matured somewhere in the range of 15 and 17 years recorded the most elevated predominance pace of 16.5 %. Be that as it may, the most elevated pervasiveness rate in DC shows among kids matured somewhere in the range of 5 and 9 years who had 21.6 %. Subject to these pervasiveness rates, I would target U.S kids in the age bunch 15-17 for mediation since the condition is generally regular in this age gathering. The age bunch has the most elevated pervasiveness percent, 16.5 % in U.S. In DC, I would target kids in the age bunch 5-9 for mediation. The age bunch has the most noteworthy predominance percent, 21.6 % in DC. These mediations will diminish Asthma death rate among youngsters. Additionally, subject to these commonness rates, I would target dark kids in America and DC for intercession since the condition is generally basic in this race. The race has the most elevated predominance percent, 21.0 % in U.S, and 20.4 % in DC. Without a doubt, the pervasiveness rate is higher among African Americans contrasted with whites and others. The mediation will lessen Asthma death rate among dark

Short essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Short - Essay Example On account of qualification to get chose for the post, Texas House is far simpler than US House to reach. As a matter of first importance, the base age required to be chosen for the Texas House is twenty-one years while that of the US House is a quarter century. What's more, while US House necessitates that a part ought to be a resident of United States for as long as seven years, for Texas House, it is 2 years. In any case, on account of pay, US House far effort the Texas House. While the previous gives a yearly pay of $ 174, 000, the last offers a small measure of $ 600 every month, alongside a routine set of expenses of $ 128, in this manner totaling to $ 17,920 every year, indicating a ten times distinction! Moreover, different retirements vigorously favor US House individuals also, the US House individuals appreciate a powerful annuity, individual staff recompense, cost stipends, remote travel remittance, and what's more, can make a pay from outside work that doesn't surpass 15% of their part pay. Then again, Texans get a pitiful total as compensation. On account of terms of administration both appear to be comparable in the way that both are chosen for multi year terms and can get chose boundless number of times. Be that as it may, on account of Texas enactment, the quantity of customary meeting is 140 days to the most extreme however the senator calls for extraordinary meetings which can go up to a limit of 30 days (Texas House of Representatives). Then again, US House is viewed as full-time however meetings most recent a half year or more, that begins in January and finishes before the finish of July. Altogether, it appears that however the US House individuals are in all day work getting gigantic compensations and different advantages, they stay far away from their body electorate, in this manner being not able to focus on the issues influencing the neighborhood individuals. Then again, however Texas house individuals get less compensation and differen t advantages, they get sufficient chance to collaborate with the individuals, and in this manner, assuming their job well. I would prefer to go for Texas House enrollment as it gives the fulfillment of open assistance. 2 Both the Texas governing body and the US Congress are like an extraordinary degree in their structure, capacity, political race and length of terms. Be that as it may, a nearby look will uncover an immense distinction in the compensation of delegates and nature and term of meetings. At the point when the structure of both the lawmaking bodies is contemplated, one can discover a great deal of likenesses, the first being their bicameral nature. The US Congress is separated into two; the Senate and the House of Representatives with 100 individuals in the previous and 435 individuals in the last mentioned. Also, Texas council has a Senate with 31 individuals and a House of Representatives with 150 individuals. . One can discover a ton of similitudes in the idea of races as well. In both the cases, the term of every part is two years and the political race to all the posts in the House of Representatives happens like clockwork, in even-numbered years. Be that as it may, there is contrast in the appointment of Senate individuals. Senate individuals from the Congress hold their office for a long time, yet 33% of the seats come on the ballot at regular intervals. Then again, the individuals in the Texas senate are separated into two gatherings and half of the seats come

Networking and Telecommunication Management essays

Systems administration and Telecommunication Management papers Systems administration and Telecommunication Management The AT. The above occurrences are depicted in Bruce Sterlings book The Hacker Crackdown, Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier, copyrighted in 1992. Bruce Sterling wrote this book which tries to clarify the individuals of the internet. Bruce Sterling dives into the odd universe of electronic correspondences. The universe of electronic correspondence or the internet has no physical area, since it exists just in the system. The internet isn't ordinary space; it is the space on your PCs. Mr. Real expounds on electronic correspondence in the mid 90s among PCs and phone lines. The space that Mr. Real talks about will be around 130 years of age. The present the internet is the place a phone discussion happens. You may think you are speaking into a telephone line, the gadget in your grasp against your ear. Actually no, not so much, however its the spot between the telephones, truly, the inconclusive space out there. Real endeavors to illuminate, force and horrify his perusers, the programmers, law officials and common libertarians. In the 1990, an across the country fight in court occurred against PC programmers, yes criminal accusations all over the United States. The Secret Service, phone organization security and state and nearby law implementation offices the nation over joined to cut down the U. S. underground electronic overthrow. While the underground and legitimate PC people group battled firmly against similar offices who compromise their electronic common freedoms. Mr.... <!

Do You Need Help With Your GMAT or GRE Essay Sample?

Do You Need Help With Your GMAT or GRE Essay Sample?To begin your thesis work, you will need to write an MBA essay sample, and we've found several great places to get these essays. The courses listed here are also the types of papers that students will need to take for their GMAT and GRE scores. Using our choice of resources, you can improve your chances of getting accepted into those programs.GMAT and GRE and admissions departments will be able to use your research paper as part of their evaluation of your GMAT or GRE scores. You should see that as a plus for using research methods in your writing. These resources will give you some ideas on how to structure your GMAT or GRE paper. These are great places to begin your research and start learning about GMAT and GRE preparation.Writing and editing articles is a skill that you will need to know and practice. There are many ways to learn and apply the skills you learn to write and edit articles. Here, you can use the techniques that you learned to help you with your GMAT or GRE essay samples.Foster Masters and Foster Associates, among others, offer GMAT and GRE essay samples, as well as publications. Each of these resources have resources that they make available to students that go into great detail on what their methods are, as well as other useful resources.GMAT and GRE essay samples can be used in lieu of taking the courses listed above, or you can combine them with the additional classes you are taking, in order to earn your master's degree. Foster MBA Reviewers and other resources can provide you with helpful advice for helping you keep up with your financial goals and stay on track with your degree.Any time you take an extra class or two in college, you will want to take advantage of full scholarships to help you afford your degrees. There are several scholarships available to help you, so finding one that fits your circumstances is important.The final preparation you will need is some extra practice. Make sure you have the appropriate notes and take some practice tests, either online or offline. These will help you understand what to include in your GMAT or GRE essay samples, so you can put all of your pieces together.

Bank Capacity Planning Online Capacity Branch Essay

BANK CAPACITY PLANNING: ONLINE CAPACITY BRANCH The computerized economy is developing quick and banks are at the cutting edge of this transformation. Whether a bank is a conventional high-road bank moving more administrations on the web or is another contestant with a restrictive online nearness, advanced innovation is driving their business methodology.High-road banks and speculation banks need to put resources into scope quantification to best center their computerized assets get ready for possibilities and keep all their channels running easily to ensure the execution and accessibility of administrations to clients. As clients and organizations in different areas are progressively digitally dynamic, they request the capacity to associate with banks around the clock, 365 days a year over different channels. For the advanced client,there is no space for mistake. Digitization is changing the way people and organizations work and the effect this is having on banks. Advanced Disturbance, highlights how the coming of the portable gadget has drastically quickened the pace of progress in the way we bank and how banks connect with clients. The number of individuals going to branches has dropped by 30% before two years, while nearly 80% of while some 70% of the Karachi banking population now uses some form of online banking service every month. More consumers are embracing mobile banking via their phone or tablet. Developments in technology have empowered banks to increase customerShow MoreRelateddistribution in banking1958 Words   |  8 Pagescustomer. In a growing number of countries, the expansion of the financial services sector has been accompanied by a significant blurring of lines between different institutional types with, for instance, retail banks offering insurance products (bancassuarance), insurance companies offering bank accounts and supermarkets launching their own credit cards. As a consequence, individual organizations can no longer claim a distinctive market position based on the products they offer. Rather, they have hadRead MoreStefan Thomke9089 Words   |  37 Pages9-603-022 REV: OCTOBER 28, 2002 STEFAN THOMKE Bank of America (A) The banking industry is ripe for innovation. We need to grow through value creation and excellent service that is appreciated by customers as opposed to price alone. — Milton Jones, president, Georgia Banking Group â€Å"I wonder if we’re being ‘overrewarded’!† exclaimed Warren Butler to Amy Brady, the executive responsible for Bank of America’s Innovation Development (ID) Team in Atlanta, Georgia. As an executive in the consumerRead MoreCiti Bank N.a and Pay Link Service to Customer7946 Words   |  32 PagesStudy: Here for the ease of understanding we have taken only Gulshan Branch, though the same process is followed by Dhanmondi and Chittagong Branch. 1.4 Methodology: This project is mainly based on primary data collected from the work life experience in Citi N.A. Besides this, we have taken interview of some managers and clients of the bank to get better knowledge. We also took the assistance of Citiservice and Payment unit of the bank. We used textbooks for the formulas of process analysis. 1.5 Limitations: Read MoreWhat Is Internet Banking5312 Words   |  22 Pagesbanking† refers to systems that enable bank customers to access accounts and general information on bank products and services through a personal computer (PC) or other intelligent device. Internet banking products and services can include wholesale products for corporate customers as well as retail and fiduciary products for consumers. Ultimately, the products and services obtained through Internet banking may mirror products and services offered through other bank delivery channels. Some examplesRead MoreAgricultural Credit3628 Words   |  15 Pagesthe Government and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) have played a vital role in creating a broad-based institutional framework for catering to the increasing credit requirements of the sector. Agricultural policies in India have been reviewed from time to time to maintain pace with the changing requirements of the agriculture sector, which forms an important segment of the priority sector lending of scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) and target of 18 per cent of net bank credit has been stipulated forRead MoreImpact of Information Technology on the Nigerian Banking Sector4643 Words   |  19 PagesIMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR (A CASE STUDY OF ZENITH BANK NIG. PLC) MURTALA MOHD WAY KANO BRANCH BY ANWAR HASSAN SPS/08/SMS/02856 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO. July, 2010 CERTIFICATION PAGE This is to certify that_________________________________ Name:- Anwar Hassan Exam No:- SPS/08/SMS/02856 SUPERVISOR :- DR. MOHD LIMAN SIGNATURE:- __________________________ DEDICATIONRead MoreThe Top Managers Of Malayan Banking Berhad2322 Words   |  10 PagesBerhad, hold a strategic planning meeting in which they formulize general annual objectives. They are categorized into Key Focus Areas of the Year. These are then shared with the senior managers who in turn come up with the Key Priorities for the Year and Other Focus Areas for the year. Each member of staff has access to these focus areas for regular reference. Clearly, Maybank management is driven by planning. But what is it that motivates management to use so much planning? Factors That MotivateRead MoreCompliance and Choice Paradox4304 Words   |  18 PagesMercury Bank and Everfresh Dairies that had to make key strategic decisions regarding either compliance or choice in an attempt to grow and attain industry leadership. Their respective industry, strategic frameworks for decision making and their actual results against their strategic intent have been analysed in light of their growth and industry leadership objectives. MERCURY BANK Mercury Bank is a commercial bank in Uganda. Uganda’s banking industry consists of 15 commercial banks, 7 creditRead MoreProject Title for Mba4599 Words   |  19 Pagescustomization. 36. Product differentiation strategy- Role of operations management Process and Capacity Planning 37. Study of opportunities for transformation of traditional apparel industries with flexible manufacturing systems: A study of Fijian apparel Industry 38. Retail Operations management at Wall-Mart: Lessons learnt 39. A study of capacity planning in Tourism sector in Fiji/Samoa 40. Impact of process changes on customer perception of waitingRead MoreImpact of Ict on the Performance of Banks. a Case Study of Barclays Bank Ghana17017 Words   |  69 Pageson the performance of banks. 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Exposing Humanitys Darkest Sin Jewish Genocide Essay

Since the Holocaust, a theory has emerged for the real reason Jews were forced into concentration camps. Controversy surrounds this theory, between those who claim Jews were being exterminated inside concentration camps and those who disagree, claiming that this event never occurred in the camps. Holocaust deniers have gathered to discuss the theory whether the Nazis indeed committed mass murder inside these infamous structures. To this day, skeptics are unclear whether these camps were built for extermination and doubt whether this historical event ever occurred. Even though some so-called experts argue that concentration camps like Auschwitz existed, but they were not used for killing Jews, they are incorrect because there is evidence in†¦show more content†¦In addition, each extermination camp contained crematoriums, where thousands of â€Å"naked corpses would be dragged across the floor to the ovens† (Muller 14). Another similarity found in the structures, are th e crematoriums containing ovens with a depression â€Å"roughly 20 to 25 centimeters deep and 1 metre wide† heading straight to the ovens (Muller 14). Based on the measurements found in the structure, the corpses would have been easily transported from the chambers into crematorium ovens. Evidence hints that the Nazis were not concerned with their expenses because they created similar structures throughout Poland. The surviving structure in Auschwitz is evidence that the Nazis did in fact create gas chambers to vanish all Jews. Not only are these skeptical scholars incorrect for claiming that concentration camps were not used for killing Jews, but they are also unaware that the Nazis tried to demolish all evidence of concentration camps. Scholars and politicians gathered in Iran to discuss, that the Nazis few surviving structures were merely prisons and did not contain any form of gas chambers (Fathi). However, in Tim Cole’s article, â€Å"Crematoria, Barracks, Gateway,† he gathers evidence from survivors who witnessed SS guards demolish all traces of concentration camps. During the end of the

Analyses Significance of Legislation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Analyses Significance of Legislation. Answer: Introduction: Through the Wages Protection Act, 1983, the manner in which wages have to be paid is provided and this legislation also safeguards from any kind of unlawful deductions from the wages. This discussion analyses the significance of this legislation for HR managers. For the HR managers, it is crucial that they pay proper attention and give proper consideration to this legislation. This is because this act provides the deductions which can be made by the employers from the pay. For instance, the employers can make deductions when these are specifically required by the law, in terms of child support, student loan repayment and for PAYE tax. Where the employer takes money from the pay of employee without getting their written consent, given in a free manner, the employee has the option of taking action in Employment Relations Agency for getting their money back. There is a limitation period on this, which is of six years (Employment New Zealand, 2018a). This act also provides provisions for the recovery of overpayments by employers, recovery of wages by employees, wages payable in money, agreements regarding payments of wages, and provision in collective agreements amongst the other things (Employment New Zealand, 2018b). The HR managers have to take specific note of these provisions in order to steer clear from chances of breaching the provisions of this act. This legislation makes it a tough task for the employers to deduct the wages of employees (Sharman, 2013). Thus, due to the detailed provisions covered under the Wages Protection Act, there is a need for the HR managers to strictly comply with this legislation, so that they can avoid any wrongful deductions from wages of employees, which could prove costly for them. References Employment New Zealand. (2018a). Deductions. Retrieved from: https://www.employment.govt.nz/hours-and-wages/pay/deductions/ Employment New Zealand. (2018b). Wages Protection Act 1983. Retrieved from: https://www.employmentrelations.co.nz/Our+Expertise/Employment+Law1/Wages+Protection.html Sharman, J. (2013). Can you deduct from an employees wage? Its not as easy as you may think. Retrieved from: https://www.heskethhenry.co.nz/Articles/x_post/can-you-deduct-from-an-employees-wage-its-not-as-easy-as-you-may-think-00007.html

Marketing Strategy of Dove in India free essay sample

Dove did what it does best all over the world not use supermodels to endorse the brand. Rather it got real women who used the product to give testimonials of their experience with the brand. In India, Doves brand team in the 1990s, led by Harish Manwani, now Unilevers president , Asia, Africa, Central Eastern Europe, decided to adopt the same line of thought for the Indian market too. In some ways the brand was the opposite of Lux, the beauty bar of film stars. Dove showed beauty in ordinary people, says cinematographer and film director, Rajiv Menon, who was involved in making the earliest ads for Dove. Studies showed that 57% of Doves Target audience was averse to regular advertising. Hence testimonials became even more critical for the success of the brand, say HUL executives. The team identified close to 50 women from uppermiddle class Indian households and handed them trial packs of Dove soap. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Dove in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After trying out the brand, their reactions were recorded and the most spontaneous responses (8 of them) were chosen to be the face of the brand. Remember the Is it love? No its Dove ads? In the 1990s, when everything had to be low priced, consumer goods major Hindustan Unilever launched a brand of soap that was considered expensive, frightfully expensive , for the times we lived in. For about Rs 30 for a bar, it was nearly twice as expensive as any toilet soap brand that was then sold in India. This was a time when hanging out for coffee was at the neighbourhood Udupi restaurant that charged Rs 6 for a serving and not the Barista where a mug of coffee cost Rs 50. To get consumers living with that mindset to graduate to a brand like Dove was a big leap.

Test your understanding of the text Essays - Julia, Free Essays

Test your understanding of the text Essays - Julia, Free Essays Test your understanding of the text 1. What does Michael say about the way accounts are kept in their theatre? they are kept very well they are kept in the same way as in other theatres they are in mess 2. What does Michael mean by the phrase the way some of those firms in the city keep their accounts is enough to turn your hair grey? some firms manage to keep their accounts in amazing order accounts at some firms are in an awful mess some firms pay severe penalties for disorder in their accounts 3. Julia believes that Michaels secretary knew him inside and out? she does not know him at all she is his lover she knows him very well 4. What does the word one stand for in the sentence below? but I can tell you it was a very different play we produced from the one the author submitted to us. play author theatre 5. What word(s) could you use instead of I dare say in the sentence below? If youre very nice to Julia I dare say shell give you a photograph of herself when you go. I have courage to say Im afraid to say I expect 6. Looking at the young mans hair Julia wished he made the most of it. What should he have done to his hair to make it look more attractive to Julia? had it cut short had it dyed had arranged it so as to show its beauty 7. What does but mean in the following sentence? I take care never to do anything but what I can do. unless except and 8. Julia was known for her velvet look. What kind of look is that? piercing soft frightening 9. The author says that Jimmie Langton looked like one of Rubens prosperous burghers. How should we picture him? lean robust businesslike 10. What is the function of would in the sentence below? He would skip about the stage on one leg... it denotes the characters typical behaviour it is a part of the Future-in-the-Past form it shows an unreal action 11. The author characterizes Jane Taitbout as a stagy actress. What does he imply? that Jane was a talented actress that Jane had a great experience of acting that Janes acting was unnatural 12. Jimmie Langton said that Julia had an indiarubber face. What do you think that means? her face could show any feeling or emotion her face was not particularly attractive she had dark complexion 13. In talking to Julia Jimmie Langton says 2Now lets come down to brass tacks. Does he mean that they should go to the races talk about the facts which are of fundamental importance? Go and listen to the brass orchestra? 14. When Michael says: Bricks without straw; thats what we actors are expected to make nowadays, does he mean that actors are expected to do a good job without the necessary materials? go into the construction industry? make a mess of their professional activity?

Introduction to the stock market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to the stock market - Research Paper Example This share of profit is known as dividends. The dividends are an incentive for the shareholders to invest in the business in order to earn a share of the profit. d) Virtual Trading: Paper trading  (sometimes also called "virtual stock trading") is a simulated trading process in which would-be investors can 'practice'  investing  without committing real money. e) Mutual Funds: These are a collection of funds put together by many investors so that they can be invested collectively in shares, bonds, stocks and securities. These are controlled by the firms such as mutual trusts. f) Same as E g) Stock Market crash: This is a sudden decline in the prices of the stocks that are being traded in the market. This fall can be due to an economic crisis or the result of heavy speculation. h) NASDAQ: The  NASDAQ Stock Market, also known as the  NASDAQ, is an American  stock exchange. "NASDAQ" originally stood for "National  Association of Securities  Dealers  Automated  Quotati ons".  It is the largest  electronic  screen-based  equity securities  trading market in the United States and  second-largest  by  market capitalization  in the world. 2, 3. Participants in the stock range of small individual stock investors to large hedge fund traders, who can be based anywhere.

Advantages Of The Euro Currency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advantages Of The Euro Currency - Essay Example The greatest advantage of the Euro is that there is regional currency stability due to the fixed exchange rates. The Euro has led to price stability within the EU characterized by low inflationary trends and stable public finances. This has increased the credibility of the Euro due to large currency zone thus stability against the speculation. This credibility is reinforced by a common monetary policy that is governed by the European Central Bank. Currency stability has encouraged trade as there is a reduction in both external and internal currency instability. The single currency eliminated the risks involved in exchange rates making importers and exporters better placed to make accurate growth projections in foreign markets. Businesses no longer pay hedging costs as insurance against currency fluctuations. They are also spared against the costs incurred as a result of accounting across currencies. Small businesses are the greatest beneficiaries as they would otherwise incur greater costs as a result of currency fluctuation, unlike large multinationals that enjoy the benefits of economies of scale. This has encouraged entrepreneurs and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operators' to trade beyond geographical boundaries and expand their businesses (BBC News, 1998). The single currency has encouraged tourism as people are spared the task of currency exchange thus red tape procedures are eliminated. This means that tourists are not at risk because of carrying huge sums of money and do not encounter extra charges because of commissions (BBC News, 1998). It has enabled individuals to trade beyond their geographical locations and compare prices. The internet has made this even better as one can easily shop for the best offer on a product or service.

The greatest inventions Essay Example for Free

The greatest inventions Essay Introduction to Second Language Studies (ONLINE). Hudson This course introduces students to second language studies, as represented in the MA in SLS program at the University of Hawai‘i at MÄ noa, and to the field(s) of applied linguistics more generally. This course also serves as an introduction to the kinds of work that will be expected of students as they progress through the MA in SLS program. Students will become familiar with the following: 1. The scope of second language studies/applied linguistics, including central issues and problems, key concepts and terminology, and work done by applied linguists in society 2. Professional issues and expectations for second/foreign language educators 3. The major domains of second language studies as they are addressed specifically by the UH SLS 4. A wide variety of research approaches employed by applied linguists The course will be online. There will be extensive online discussion group activity. SLS Course Descriptions Fall 2014 600- ­Ã¢â‚¬  through 700- ­Ã¢â‚¬ level SLS 610 (1). Teaching Second Languages. Hudson This course provides a survey of current theory, research and practice in the major components of second and foreign language pedagogy and teaching programs. These components include needs and means analysis, syllabus and curriculum design, materials writing, methodology and pedagogy, skills and skills integration, student assessment, and program evaluation. Consideration will also be given to the changing social, economic, and political roles of language teaching and the profession in the world today. Both theoretical and practical dimensions of classroom teaching will be treated. By the end of the course, the students will have an understanding of the following: 1. Current theory, research and practice in second/foreign language teaching and teacher training 2. The socio-cultural, psychological and linguistic factors that have an impact on language teaching 3. Issues involved in teaching and integrating the different skill areas as and approaches to curriculum design and language teaching SLS 614 (1). Second Language Writing. Gilliland The course aims to provide insights into theories of teaching writing, with particular emphasis on the experiences of student writers composing in a second language. Consideration of various approaches to the teaching of writing in second and foreign languages is included as well as consideration of response to student writing. Students will: †¢ Identify current and historical theories of teaching SL writing. †¢ Discuss and critique approaches to teaching SL writing. †¢ Describe and analyze contexts for teaching SL writing in US and internationally. †¢ Assess the instructional needs of a given writing class and/or student. †¢ Evaluate and respond to student writing. †¢ Plan appropriate and effective syllabi, units, and lessons in SL writing courses. Required text: Ferris Hedgcock (2013). Teaching L2 Composition (3rd edition). Routledge. SLS 618 (1). Language and Learning Technologies. Zheng What is language? How do we understand language and language learning in the light of learning technologies? How do we make sense, make meaning and realize values when technologies are involved in the learning environment. Learning technologies, ranging from vernacular use of Skype, to sophisticated virtual world technologies, and to ubiquitous mobile devices, bring us new challenges and opportunities for communication and social networking, as well as learning teaching. What are the roles of learning technologies in learning, instruction and communication? Do they function as an input to aid learning, such as acquisition of lexicogrammer? Do they function as tools to help with problem solving, such as looking up a new word while reading an article? Do they function as a media to make distance communication and interaction possible? Do they function as objects that have potential to change the way we live so that our communication (language) is becoming inherently different? We will explore these questions as central themes of the course, so that we can gain a deeper understanding and be tuned to affordances of technology in the most broad sense. Explore dialogical perspectives of language and its implications for sharing, coconstruction, co-authoring and co-creation of identity and meaning in technology supported learning environments. Investigate the affordances of technologies as indicated by members of the  class (through dynamic needs analysis) for language learning and teaching. Design and conduct studies of a specific technology that you are interested in. A range of research questions are encouraged by using quantitative methods, ethnography, discourse analysis, conversation analysis and multimodal analysis. Develop a mini curriculum that has major components of technology integration. Develop materials using the Web as a major resource for your target learners. SLS 650 (1). Second Language Acquisition. Ziegler This course is designed to provide a review of current theory and research in child and adult second language acquisition. In addition, it will review relevant research in first language acquisition and explore relationships between theory and practice in the second and foreign language learning classroom. Various theoretical perspectives and issues are addressed, including cognitive-interactionist, emergentist, social, and psycholinguistic approaches, and principal areas of research such as age effects, cognition, development of learner language, and individual differences will be discussed. We will also examine the available  quantitative and qualitative research methods and how they might be used in second language (L2) research. Suggested reading: Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. This course covers basic concepts and issues in sociolinguistics with a focus on multilingual language learning and teaching. The initial course readings (Davis, 2012a, 2012b) provide an overview of the theoretical foundations and diverse research methods of sociolinguistics, including the work of sociologist Goffman (presentation of self in everyday life); sociolinguists Sacks, Schegloff, and Kasper (conversation analysis); sociolinguist Gumperz (interactional sociolinguistics), anthropologist Hymes (ethnography of communication); language and education anthropologists Cazden, Philips, Heath, Erikson, Geertz, and Anzaldua (ethnography of communities and schools); and critical anthropologists Hornberger, Davis, Valdà ©s, Zentella, and McCarty (language policies and practices). Subsequent course readings and the final project then focus on the most recent trends in sociolinguistics that include: multilingualism/super diversity; interdisciplinarity, fluidity, and multiplicity in langu age use, identity, and learning (translanguaging, multiple identities); neoliberalism/ideological analyses; public and counter public discourses;  and engaged language policy, practices, and ethnography. The final course project assignment involves designing and presenting a proposal for either research or instruction that draws on current sociolinguistic theories and language learning practices. SLS 673 (1). Applied Psycholinguistics and Second Language Acquisition. Grà ¼ter This course provides an introduction to the psychological processes involved in language behavior, with a particular focus on those relevant to speaking and understanding a non-native language. Areas covered include speech perception and accent, lexical access in bilinguals, structural and discourse processing by native and non-native speakers, the role of working memory, neurological correlates of (non)native language processing, and language disorders and bilingualism. Experimental methods used in psycholinguistic research on second language acquisition will be introduced and discussed. SLS 675 (1). Second Language Qualitative Research. Kasper The course will introduce students to the principles and practices of qualitative research and their application to research problems in the domains of social institutions, multilingualism, and learning and development, including the development of language and professional competencies. The course pursues two aims: (1) to develop students’ ability to critically appraise reports of qualitative (L2) research and (2) to prepare students to conduct a qualitative study on an applied linguistic topic of their choice, or to further develop a study that is already under way. In order to meet both of these goals, particular emphasis will be given to the articulation of theory and methodology, i.e., the coherent transformation of theory into method. Students will get first-hand experience with practices of observation and interviewing, visual analysis, document analysis, and multimedia analysis. Course requirements will include reading and discussion of methodological texts, reviews of reports on qualitative studies, and practical activities. SLS 680P (1): Philosophy of Teaching. Crookes Participants will explore philosophical positions underlying S/FL teaching. We will address philosophical systems and procedures (including critical, moral and ethical thinking) in the contexts of S/FL teaching, and in respect to the decisions teachers are faced with daily, as well as long-term, as they shape their careers and their positions in society. Since all of the ideas about S/FL teaching and their philosophical dimensions have historical contexts, a historical perspective will be emphasized in the initial sessions. The concept of a philosophy of teaching can be set in practical terms because a philosophy of teaching statement is often called for in employment actions, such as job applications, contract renewals, and job interviews. It also falls into the area of professional development and personal growth, since it assists with that reflection without which efforts at a consciously constructed professional practice are not possible. SLS 680R (1). Narrative Analysis. Higgins This course introduces students to narrative analysis as an analytical framework for the exploration of research questions in sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. Most centrally, narrative analysis is used to explore questions of identity by examining how speakers construct their social worlds in and through telling stories. Narratives are also useful for examining ideologies on any number of topics. Because people tell narratives in their everyday interactions with others, researchers can also examine the role of stories in conversation and in various forms of institutional talk, including classrooms, courtrooms, clinics, and workplaces. This course will provide students with the foundation for analyzing narrative data by focusing on both ‘big stories,’ or, narratives which relate to speakers’ life histories, as well as ‘small stories,’ or narratives which take place in everyday settings. As the focus of the class is on the analysis of narrative s, students will be expected to contribute narrative data in the form of data workshops in class and to write a 20-page term paper on data they have collected. A final presentation will also be required. Required text: De Fina, Anna Georgakopoulou, Alexandra (2012). Analyzing narrative: Discourse and sociolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge University Press. Additional readings will be in the form of journal articles and book chapters, available on Laulima or through UH library. SLS 680R (2). Classroom Action Research. Gilliland This course is a companion to the summer SLS 690 Teaching Practicum in Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. All students must have participated in the practicum during Summer 2014. Required text: Burns (2010) Doing Action Research in English Language Teaching: A Guide for Practitioners. Routledge. SLS 730 (1). Seminar in SL Pedagogy: Literature in the L2 Classroom. Day This seminar explores the use of literature in the second and foreign (L2) classroom. The primary goal is to help you develop a systematic and principled approach to using literature in your teaching. In addition to a focus on the major theoretical and research issues, the seminar explores how a literature component might be integrated into the L2 curriculum. Assignments provide opportunities to use and evaluate a variety of tasks and activities designed to incorporate literature into the L2 classroom. You will develop your own classroom materials and explore how those materials might be utilized in ways relevant to your own situations. The learning outcomes include being able to discuss the concerns and issues involved in using literature in L2 classrooms and to develop, adapt, and evaluate various literature genres and activities for the L2 classroom. SLS 750 (1). Ecological and Sociocultural Approaches to Second Language Learning. Zheng This seminar is designed to explore second language acquisition and language learning from perspectives that classical SLA does not usually take into consideration, namely ecological, sociocultural approaches. Topics regarding both epistemological and ontological orientations will be organized into the following modules: †¢ Learners: Are they truly individual beings cognizing or processing learning only in the brain, or are they only social beings who learn through socialization and interaction? Or are they ecological and dialogical beings who appropriate biological substrate, sociocultural values, semiotic resources for sense making? †¢ Environments/contexts: All research paradigms and pedagogical treatments consider the relationship between the learner and environments. Are environments considered as containers that function in the background? Are learners and environments reciprocally co-defining and co-changing? How are learners and environments connected? What are the roles of teacher, technology, community and personal biography in language development? †¢ Unit of analysis: Unit of analysis is the major entity that defines the ontological nature of your research and ultimately determines the values of finding in pedagogical practices and phenomenological discoveries. We will consider and compare a wide array of approaches on unit of analysis from different research paradigms, such as individuals, groups, tasks, t-units, turns, agent-environment coupling, communicative projects, etc. †¢ Methods and Analytical tools: technological prevalence and advancement pushes the envelope of human limitations on data management, such as data collection, analysis and report. We will examine readily available tools that can advance conducting research from ecological and sociocultural approaches. †¢ Pedagogical Implications: Synthesizing the first 4 topics, this module explores what an ecologically and socioculturally oriented classroom looks like. This includes such topics as action-based learning, place-based learning, pedagogy as multimodal design, studentteacher relationships that are beyond the segregation between teacher-centered and learner-centered dichotomies. This seminar is dedicated to the legacy of Leo van Lier’s work on The Ecology and Semiotics of Language Learning. Required texts:  van Lier, L., 2004. The Ecology and Semiotics of Language Learning: A Sociocultural Perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA. Additional journal articles, book chapters/sections and website will be available in Laulima and course website. SLS 750 (2). Child L2 Acquisition. Schwartz The purpose of this seminar is to examine research on child L2 acquisition, with particular emphasis on syntax and morphology. Research into child L2 acquisition has the potential to inform our understanding of adult L2 acquisition as well as L1 acquisition. We will examine some of the very few studies that directly compare L2 (and L1) children and L2 adults in the acquisition of particular grammatical phenomena. Students will become familiar with the theoretical issues at stake as well as the empirical base of recent work. We start off by focusing on the critical period issue, or more neutrally, on age-dependent effects of L2 acquisition in terms of ultimate attainment. We next consider the issue of endstate (ultimate attainment) vs. development for L2 children and L2 adults. The third area is research on child L2 acquisition itself, where exposure to the nonnative language starts approximately between the ages of 4 and 7; this is likely to be the crucial age range, because it is after the native grammar has been (more or less) established and yet falls clearly within what is  traditionally considered to be the critical period for language acquisition. Of special interest here are three issues: (1) whether child L2 acquisition replicates L1 acquisition; (2) whether child L2 acquisition exhibits features of adult L2 acquisition, in particular L1 influence; and (3) whether there are characteristic differences between L2 child and L2 adult acquisition, especially with respect to different domains, specifically syntax vs. inflectional morphology. The course will be a combination of lectures and student presentations of readings. While familiarity with introductory syntax is highly desirable, time will be taken in class to ensure understanding of the necessa ry linguistic background. SLS 760 (1). Intercultural Communication. Higgins Within a sociocultural linguistics framework, this seminar focuses on how the constructs of ‘culture’ and ‘cultural difference’ are enacted by speakers of more than one language in conversational interactions. The course will pay equal attention to the ways that cultural difference is associated with miscommunication and the ways that culture can be used as a resource in interactions among multilingual speakers. The course will emphasize the perspective that culture and cultural difference are social constructs that cannot be presumed, but rather are the result of active processes in interaction among conversational participants, processes which sometimes  point to the relevance of cultural models, interpretive schemas, discourses, and ideologies. Students will examine seminal work in the field, starting with cross-cultural communication studies, followed by an examination of the developments in the field that have led to the reconceptualization of this ar ea of inquiry. Following a seminar format, students will regularly lead discussions of readings and present data for analysis in workshop format during the semester. A final term paper of 20-25 pages (with deadlines for proposal and first draft) will also be required for the course. SLS 760 (2). Language Ideologies, Policies and Practices: An Engaged Ethnographic Approach. Davis While language policy (LP) scholars increasingly explore policies as shaped by global sociopolitical and economic ideologies, LP and applied linguistics scholars are increasingly calling for on-the-ground language practices that resist, negotiate, and appropriate inequitable policies (Davis, 2009, 2014; Johnson, 2013; Wyman, McCarty, Nicholas, 2014). This course takes an  engaged ethnographic approach that is designed to draw teachers, students, community members, and others into dialogic exploration of language education policy as an interactive process; covert ideologies and policies as potentially marginalizing; and plurilingual policies as desirable, effective and possible (Davis, 2014; Phyak Bui, 2014). While challenging dominant neoliberal ideologies (Gegeo Watson-Gegeo, 2001; Tollefson, 2013; Warner, 2002), the course explores ways in which to support practices that meet local language, education, economic and human welfare needs. Thus, the course takes an interdisciplina ry approach in exploring societal and schooling issues such as multilingualism, translanguaging, and identities while considering the agency of individuals and communities as the epicenter of language policy reform (Davis, 2014; Pennycook, 2013). The course draws on the above theoretical perspectives in exploring engaged dialogic and participatory efforts to promote equitable education in both developed and developing countries. Through readings, course activities and discussion course participants will develop both ideological analytical and engaged ethnographic abilities that can guide current and future work in schools, communities, and with education administration. Course participants will further gain insight into engaged ethnographic research methods through designing research proposal and/or documenting engaged efforts with teachers, parents and/or concerned others in promoting equitable language education policy and practices. These efforts can focus on research and/or documentation in one or more of the following areas: 1) Conducting ideological analyses with parents, educators, and concerned others towards raising awareness of harmful neoliberal commodification and standardization language education policies; 2) Exploring and planning resistance and alternatives to marginalizing and ineffective national, state, and regional language ideologies and policies; 3) Developing community and school based language and education policies that are locally relevant, educationally forward-looking, and serve to provide models for wider change and 4) Developing relevant and engaging instructional practices through supporting teachers and building on local knowledge for schooling that is studentcentered and engaging. In sum, this course actively involves course participants in drawing on current theories and utilizing engaged  ethnographic methods towards promoting equitable policies and practices.

Carbohydrates :: essays research papers

Carbohydrates For my health project I did carbohydrates. They are the bodies energy source. Carbohydrates supply the body with the energy it needs to function. They are found almost exclusively in plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables, peas, and beans. Milk and milk products are the only foods derived from animals that contain a significant amount of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are divided into two groups, simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates, sometimes called simple sugars, include fructose (fruit sugar), sucrose (table sugar), and lactose (milk sugar), as well as several other sugars. Fruits are one of the richest natural sources of simple carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are also made up of sugars, but the sugar molecules are strung together to form longer, more complex chains. Complex carbohydrates include fiber and starches. Foods rich in complex carbohydrates include vegetables, whole grains, peas, pasta, potatoes and beans. Carbohydrates are the main source of glucose, which is a major fuel for all of the body's cells and the only source of energy for the brain and red cells. Except for fiber, which cannot be digested, both simple and complex carbohydrates are converted into glucose. The glucose is then either used directly to provide energy for the body, or stored in the liver for future use. When a person consumes more calories than the body is using, a portion of the carbohydrates consumed may also be stored in the body as fat. When choosing carbohydrate-rich foods for your diet, always select unrefined foods such as fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, and whole-grain products, as opposed to refined, processed foods such as soft drinks, desserts, candy, and sugar. Refined foods offer few, if any, of the vitamins and minerals that are important to your health. In addition, if eaten in excess, especially over a period of many years, the large amounts of simple carbohydrates found in refined foods can lead to a number of disorders, including diabetes and hypoglycemia (low sugar). Yet another problem is that foods high in refined simple sugars often are also high in fats, which should be limited in a healthy diet. Carbohydrates are the best fuel for athletes because they take less oxygen to burn than protein or fat. You'll be able to exercise harder, both during training and competition, when you eat enough carbohydrates. Each gram of carbohydrate provides 4 calories. A high carbohydrate diet allows you to train harder by rebuilding your carbohydrate stores and decreasing your recovery time.

Don’t Call Me Ishmael Essay

Throughout Michael Gerard Bauer’s Don’t call me Ishmael, the author frequently displays the contrasts between the two characters Ishmael Leseur and James Scobie. The two characters help each other find themselves throughout the book. They teach many valuable lessons and prove to us that being yourself rules over all. Firstly, both Scobie and Leseur have lessons they can teach to all. However, I have extracted my most meaningful quotes and sayings from the book. Sayings that teach the most valuable lessons and show deeper meaning in the characters. For instance, on page 20-21, Ishmael states â€Å"Essentially, the most important thing I learnt last year was to make myself as small target as possible.† I believe this has a strong message behind it, I interpret it as saying if you don’t do anything noticeable, then life will be easy. This however is not true. Rather than hiding from everything and trying your hardest to be invisible, we should learn to embrace life and the challenges that come with it. This is an extremely important life lesson that many people ignore. Another quote from earlier on in the book (page 69) Ishmael states â€Å"when Barry Bagsley threatened you, you backed down. That’s just the way it was† I interpreted the message in this to be that although it may seem impossible and scary, it’s sometimes better to stand up for yourself. Don’t call me Ishmael Essay: Throughout Michael Gerard Bauer’s Don’t call me Ishmael, the author frequently displays the contrasts between the two characters Ishmael Leseur and James Scobie. The two characters help each other find themselves throughout the book. They teach many valuable lessons and prove to us that being yourself rules over all. Firstly, both Scobie and Leseur have lessons they can teach to all. However, I have extracted my most meaningful quotes and sayings from the book. Sayings that teach the most valuable lessons and show deeper meaning in the characters. For instance, on page 20-21, Ishmael states â€Å"Essentially, the most important thing I learnt last year was to make myself as small target as possible.† I believe this has a strong message behind it, I interpret it as saying if you don’t do anything noticeable, then life will be easy. This however is not true. Rather than hiding from everything and trying your hardest to be invisible, we should learn to embrace life and the challenges that come with it. This is an extremely  important life lesson that many people ignore. Another quote from earlier on in the book (page 69) Ishmael states â€Å"when Barry Bagsley threatened you, you backed down. That’s just the way it was† I interpreted the message in this to be that although it may seem impossible and scary, it’s sometimes better to stand up for yourself. Don’t call me Ishmael Essay: Throughout Michael Gerard Bauer’s Don’t call me Ishmael, the author frequently displays the contrasts between the two characters Ishmael Leseur and James Scobie. The two characters help each other find themselves throughout the book. They teach many valuable lessons and prove to us that being yourself rules over all. Firstly, both Scobie and Leseur have lessons they can teach to all. However, I have extracted my most meaningful quotes and sayings from the book. Sayings that teach the most valuable lessons and show deeper meaning in the characters. For instance, on page 20-21, Ishmael states â€Å"Essentially, the most important thing I learnt last year was to make myself as small target as possible.† I believe this has a strong message behind it, I interpret it as saying if you don’t do anything noticeable, then life will be easy. This however is not true. Rather than hiding from everything and trying your hardest to be invisible, we should learn to embrace life and the challenges that come with it. This is an extremely important life lesson that many people ignore. Another quote from earlier on in the book (page 69) Ishmael states â€Å"when Barry Bagsley threatened you, you backed down. That’s just the way it was† I interpreted the message in this to be that although it may seem impossible and scary, it’s sometimes better to stand up for yourself. Don’t call me Ishmael Essay: Throughout Michael Gerard Bauer’s Don’t call me Ishmael, the author frequently displays the contrasts between the two characters Ishmael Leseur and James Scobie. The two characters help each other find themselves throughout the book. They teach many valuable lessons and prove to us that being yourself rules over all. Firstly, both Scobie and Leseur have lessons they can teach to all. However, I have extracted my most meaningful quotes and sayings from the book. Sayings that teach the most valuable lessons and show deeper meaning in the characters. For instance, on page 20-21, Ishmael states â€Å"Essentially, the most important thing I learnt last year was to make  myself as small target as possible.† I believe this has a strong message behind it, I interpret it as saying if you don’t do anything noticeable, then life will be easy. This however is not true. Rather than hiding from everything and trying your hardest to be invisible, we should learn to embrace life and the challenges that come with it. This is an extremely important life lesson that many people ignore. Another quote from earlier on in the book (page 69) Ishmael states â€Å"when Barry Bagsley threatened you, you backed down. That’s just the way it was† I interpreted the message in this to be that although it may seem impossible and scary, it’s sometimes better to stand up for yourself. Don’t call me Ishmael Essay: Throughout Michael Gerard Bauer’s Don’t call me Ishmael, the author frequently displays the contrasts between the two characters Ishmael Leseur and James Scobie. The two characters help each other find themselves throughout the book. They teach many valuable lessons and prove to us that being yourself rules over all. Firstly, both Scobie and Leseur have lessons they can teach to all. However, I have extracted my most meaningful quotes and sayings from the book. Sayings that teach the most valuable lessons and show deeper meaning in the characters. For instance, on page 20-21, Ishmael states â€Å"Essentially, the most important thing I learnt last year was to make myself as small target as possible.† I believe this has a strong message behind it, I interpret it as saying if you don’t do anything noticeable, then life will be easy. This however is not true. Rather than hiding from everything and trying your hardest to be invisible, we should learn to embrace life and the challenges that come with it. This is an extremely important life lesson that many people ignore. Another quote from earlier on in the book (page 69) Ishmael states â€Å"when Barry Bagsley threatened you, you backed down. That’s just the way it was† I interpreted the message in this to be that although it may seem impossible and scary, it’s sometimes better to stand up for yourself. Don’t call me Ishmael Essay: Throughout Michael Gerard Bauer’s Don’t call me Ishmael, the author frequently displays the contrasts between the two characters Ishmael Leseur and James Scobie. The two characters help each other find themselves throughout the book. They teach many valuable lessons and prove to us that  being yourself rules over all. Firstly, both Scobie and Leseur have lessons they can teach to all. However, I have extracted my most meaningful quotes and sayings from the book. Sayings that teach the most valuable lessons and show deeper meaning in the characters. For instance, on page 20-21, Ishmael states â€Å"Essentially, the most important thing I learnt last year was to make myself as small target as possible.† I believe this has a strong message behind it, I interpret it as saying if you don’t do anything noticeable, then life will be easy. This however is not true. Rather than hiding from everything and trying your hardest to be invisible, we should learn to embrace life and the challenges that come with it. This is an extremely important life lesson that many people ignore. Another quote from earlier on in the book (page 69) Ishmael states â€Å"when Barry Bagsley threatened you, you backed down. That’s just the way it was† I interpreted the message in this to be that although it may seem impossible and scary, it’s sometimes better to stand up for yourself. vDon’t call me Ishmael Essay: Throughout Michael Gerard Bauer’s Don’t call me Ishmael, the author frequently displays the contrasts between the two characters Ishmael Leseur and James Scobie. The two characters help each other find themselves throughout the book. They teach many valuable lessons and prove to us that being yourself rules over all. Firstly, both Scobie and Leseur have lessons they can teach to all. However, I have extracted my most meaningful quotes and sayings from the book. Sayings that teach the most valuable lessons and show deeper meaning in the characters. For instance, on page 20-21, Ishmael states â€Å"Essentially, the most important thing I learnt last year was to make myself as small target as possible.† I believe this has a strong message behind it, I interpret it as saying if you don’t do anything noticeable, then life will be easy. This however is not true. Rather than hiding from everything and trying your hardest to be invisible, we should learn to embrace life and the challenges that come with it. This is an extremely important life lesson that many people ignore. Another quote from earlier on in the book (page 69) Ishmael states â€Å"when Barry Bagsley threatened you, you backed down. That’s just the way it was† I interpreted the message in this to be that although it may seem impossible and scary, it’s sometimes better to stand up for yourself.

Pros and Cons of MRP II Systems

What is standing behind the MRP II systems? The question is about the manufacturing resource planning. The issue comprises special software for various segments of manufacturing companies, including material requirements planning, purchasing, capacity planning, inventory, shop floor scheduling, accounting and customer order entry. The MRP II systems are known to have both – advantages and disadvantages. As for the â€Å"pluses†, one may point to the automation and standardization of business processes leading to enhancement in cost control as well as revenue. When the question is about disadvantages, the issues are related to the misunderstanding of the limitations and impact of MRP II Systems. Advantages The MRP II is a useful tool, the main function of which is to standardize all the business processes through providing automated methods for various business segments. Standardization leads to the processes that are easily repeated as well as a platform that gives an opportunity to improve all those processes. The point is that the organization that successfully implements MRP II for the first time faces with a range of troubles regarding controlling the process of controlling the increase in transactions in purchasing, manufacturing and selling associated with growth. Besides, the MRP II systems provide the employees with an opportunity to do more and, as a result, to have a clearer visibility of information for their businesses. All the advancements in the way all the work is performed enable the company to become more competitive. Disadvantages When it comes to the disadvantages of the MRP II, one should mention the fact that the implementation of the MRP II systems requires information to be accurate. In case poor quantity info is applied either in the bill of material module or the inventory segment, this will result in automated planning processes errors. The planning modules use averages for length of particular time to manufacture (lead times) or purchase and for quantities that are usually purchased regarding the purchase order or manufactured on a work order (usually known as â€Å"lot sizes†.) In case there is variability regarding the actual lot sizes produced or bought and the lead times then the planning software won’t generate plans that go with what is actually happening. The whole point is that the lack of understanding and poor information on the lot sizes and lead times average impact can cause costly reimplementation and implementation failure. When the question is about the implementation of the MRP II systems, one should take into consideration the sequence of implementation of the MRP II systems software modules and the organization tolerance for the business processes adopting changes. As a rule, the MRP II systems are implemented in various phases allowing for a period of proving the system will function before proceeding further. The components of the first phase can be the following: purchasing, inventory and accounting. Among the other phases one can mention customer order entry, material requirements planning and shop floor control. One must remember that every module requests information and data that may be created within the system for the first time, what means it is highly important to take care of in what way information is defined and stored up to date.