My Oedipus Complex Essay

In Frank O’Connor’s short story â€Å"My Oedipus Complex† he writes about a young boy named Larry, who is use to his fathers absence because of World War I. Larry soon fines himself trying to take over his fathers house hold including wanting to marry his mother. When the war ends, Larry’s father returns home and Larry and his father are faced with the conflict of trying to attain his mother’s attention. Over time Larry eventually identifies with his father and starts to see his mother in a different way. Up to the age of five, Larry never really had seen much of his father only on occasions. He was very content on being with his mother. In the mornings he would wake up and climb into bed with her and begin the day talking to his mother about what they were going to do thru out the day. In the mornings after breakfast, they would both go into town to attend mass or go do some shopping. By doing this, Larry began to try to make decisions like his father would. For example Larry’s mother wanted to have another baby because they were the only family who did not have a newborn. Larry was told they were expensive and could not afford it until father came home from the war. However, Larry noticed that their neighbors had a baby and it would have done them just fine. As Larry began to settle with the idea of him and his mother Larry’s father comes home after the war has ended and everything changes. When his father was around Larry soon began to notice his mother’s attitude would change. She would start to scold Larry for being so loud in the mornings that his privileges of climbing into bed were cut off since he would wake his father sometimes on purpose for the reason that he got jealous. Her attitude began to change as well. She would tend to get anxious to please his father all the time and would now send Larry into town with his father. At first Larry was very optimistic about it, but soon realized that he and his father had different notions on their walk into town. Larry could not make his father do anything he wanted and the more he got wild the more his father didn’t seem too noticed. To Larry he just looked like an  enormous mountain that glanced down at him with a grin of amusement. During tea time she would only talk to Larry’s father about the news and get scolded if he interrupted. Larry felt this was foul play and he was prepared to compete with his father for his mother’s attention. Soon after Larry began to get himself into trouble by waking everyone up in the morning or throwing fit’s all around the house because he wasn’t treated as an equal his own home. By doing this his father lost his patients and gave Larry a slap and began to glare at him with his eyes out for murder. That’s when Larry realized that he was jealous too for the attention of his wife. Larry did not give up easily for his mother’s attention and told her one day that when he grew up he wanted to marry her and have lots of babies. She responded with a smile and told Larry that they will have one soon. Almost immediately Larry began to notice his mothers had changed even when his father was not at home. She seemed preoccupied, stopped taking him out for walks and smacked him for no apparent reason. Disaster soon came for Larry and His father and it was called Sonny. Larry disliked Sonny from the very beginning because of the constant crying that would annoy Larry and his father. Now everything his mother would do or talk about was Sonny. Larry felt so frustrated that he threatens to leave in front of his father and soon after Larry threat becomes a positive aspect. He notices his father starts to be exceedingly nice to him with a fine intelligence and his mother quite sickening in addition to being simple minded because of the baby. Also one night Larry wakes up with someone climbing into his bed and he notices it’s not his mother but his father who was now turned out of his own bed. He felt sorry for father because his mother had no consideration for no one except Sonny and gave his father a hug for assurance that he was still welcomed. Soon after Larry father went out of his way to buy him a really nice model railway.

Higher Education Essay

The report is based on information and impressions which the delegation obtained during the study tour. Information was also gathered from sources such as the websites of the organisations and institutions visited and from agencies including the National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition (NOOSR) in Australia, World Education Services (WES) in the USA, IAU and UNESCO/IAU among others. At several places in the text, sources have been specifically mentioned. An additional list of sources can be found in the appendices. 3 The report describes the system of education in India and the quality assurance system. Chapter 1 introduces the administration of the school system and the organisation of primary, secondary and higher secondary education, while Chapter 2 provides information about technical and vocational education. Chapter 3 outlines the system of higher education by reviewing the institutional structure with a discussion of both public and private education. Information on degree structure and grading systems is included, as well as examples of some bachelor degree programmes. In Chapter 4, teacher training at higher secondary level and at university level is described. Chapter 5 presents India’s response to globalisation in the higher education sector. The last chapter deals with the quality assurance work in education, both at secondary and higher level. Impressions and reflections about the education system and how it functions are incorporated into the report in frames where appropriate. Country Profile India is one of the world’s oldest civilisations, dating back to 2,500 B. C. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded the country in about 1,500 B. C. ; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursion starting in the eighth century and Turkish in the twelfth century were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late fifteenth century. By the nineteenth century, Great Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru helped end British colonialism through non-violent resistance. India achieved independence in 1947. The Republic of India was established in 1947 and comprises 32 states and Union Territories, the latter controlled by the central government. The country covers about 3. 3 million square kilometres with a population of 1. 029 billion and dominates southern Asia. It is slightly larger than one-third the size of the United States. India is home to 17% of the world’s total population, accommodated in an area that is 2. 4% of the world’s total area. India has the world’s twelfth largest economy and the third largest in Asia behind Japan and China, with a total GDP of around $570 billion. Services, industry and agriculture account for 50. 7%, 26. 6% and 22. 7% of GDP respectively. The United States is India’s largest trading partner. Bilateral trade in 2003 was $18. 1 billion. There are some 16 official major languages and 844 dialects. Among these languages, English enjoys associate status, but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication. Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people. The other official languages are Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit. Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language. Hinduism (80. 5%), Islam (13. 4%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikh (1. 9%) are the major religions in the country. The literacy rate is 52% (of the total population of age 15 or older). 4 Chapter 1 General Education Administration of Education The central and the state governments have joint responsibility for education, with freedom for the state governments to organise education within the national framework of education. Educational policy planning is under the overall charge of the central Ministry of Human Resource Development which includes the Department of Elementary Education and Literacy and the Department of Secondary and Higher Education. The Ministry is guided by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) which is the national level advisory body. The education ministers of all the different states are members of the board. The National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) (1961) defines the National Frame Curriculum for classes I – XII. It also functions as a resource centre in the field of school development and teacher education. State Councils of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) are the principal research and development institutions in all the states. At secondary level, school boards at state level affiliate schools and set examination standards in accordance with the national framework. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Council for Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) cover all India besides the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). National Policy on General Education Under the national constitution, education was a state matter until 1976. The central government could only provide guidance to the states on policy issues. In 1976 the constitution was amended to include education on the concurrent list. The initial attempts of designing a National Education Policy were made in 1968 but it was only in 1986 that India as a whole had a uniform National Policy on Education. The National Policy on Education 1986, modified in 1992, defines the major goals for elementary education as universal access and enrolment, universal retention of children up to 14 years and substantial improvement in the quality of education. The National Policy of Education of 1992 also aims at vocationalisation of secondary education and greater use of educational technology. The policy has been accompanied by several programmes such as the District Primary Education Program (DPEP) launched in 1994 and the National Campaign for Education for All (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan) launched in 2001/2. A proposed bill on the right to education (draft, November 2005) stresses the right of all children from age 6 until their 15th birthday to receive elementary education either in school or non-formal education (NFE). The Indian government is preparing the universalisation of secondary education (USE). The main aim is to provide high quality secondary education to all Indian adolescents up to the age of 16 by 2015, and senior secondary education up to the age of 18 by 2020. 5 Crucial problems in India are teacher absenteeism, noted by UNESCO in 2005; high teacherpupil ratios; and inadequate teaching materials and facilities, particularly in rural areas. At the other end of the scale, children attending urban schools, especially middle and upper class children in private schools, are subjected to extreme competition from a very early age in order to qualify for admission into the best schools. In 1979-80, the Government of India, Department of Education launched a programme of Non-Formal Education (NFE) for children of 6-14 years age group, who cannot join regular schools – drop-outs, working children, children from areas without easy access to schools etc. The initial focus of the scheme was on ten educationally backward states. Later, it was extended to urban slums, and hilly, tribal and desert areas in other states. Source: – UNESCO: India, updated August 2003 and Annual Report 2004/5, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (overview). – Newsletter, October-December 2005, International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO. Learning without Burden, NCERT, 1993, reprinted 2004. – Annual report 2004/5, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (annexes). School Education A uniform structure of school education, the 10+2 system, has been adopted by all the states and Union Territories (UTs) of India following the National Policy on Education of 1986. Elementary school, Class I – VIII, is recognised as the period of compulsory schooling, with the Constitutional amendment making education a fundamental right. A majority of the states and Union Territories (UTs) have introduced free education in classesI-XII. In states/UTs where education is not free for classes IX and above, the annual fee varies considerably. The pre-school covers two to three years. The elementary stage consists of a primary stage comprising Classes I-V (in some states I-IV), followed by a middle stage of education comprising Classes VI -VIII (in some states V-VIII or VI -VII). The minimum age for admission to Class I of the primary school is generally 5+ or 6+. The secondary stage consists of Classes IX-X (in some states VIII-X), and a senior secondary stage of schooling comprising classes XI-XII in all states. In some states/UTs these classes are attached to universities/colleges. The number of working days of school education in a year is generally more than 200 days in all the states/UTs. Participation in primary and secondary education The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), which indicates the number of children actually enrolled in elementary schools as a proportion of child population in the 6-14 years age group, has increased progressively since 1950-51, rising from 32. 1% to 82. 5% in 2002-03, according to statistics published by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in India. The rate of increase in GER of girls has been higher than that of boys. The dropout rate at the primary level (Classes I-V) declined from 39% in 2001-02 to 34. 9% in 2002-03. However the GER only covers 61% of children from classes VI to VIII. 6 In 2002/3 the dropout rate was estimated at 34. 9% at the end of lower primary classes and 52. 8% at the end of upper primary. The dropout rate was 62. 6% at the end of secondary school (Class X). There are wide disparities among the different states in the number of children completing primary and secondary school from less than 20% to more than 80%, according to the central statistics from the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Source – Selected Educational Statistics 2002-03. Provisional. Ministry of Human Resource Development, India – Annual Report 2004/5. Ministry of Human Resource Development, India – Secondary Education. Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (information on the Department’s website) National Curricula. The National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) formulated the first Curriculum Framework in 1975 as a recommendation to the individual states. NCERT was accorded the responsibility of developing a binding National Curriculum Framework through the National Policy on Education (NPE) (1986). NCERT reviews the curriculum every five years on the basis of consultations within the whole school sector. The core areas of the curriculum are common. Teaching of English is usually compulsory in classes VI-X in most of the states/UTs. NCERT published a New National Curriculum framework in 2005. The New National Curriculum will be introduced in textbooks in three phases: Phase one, 2006-07: classes I, III, VI, IX and XI. Phase two, 2007-08: classes II, IV, VII, X and XII Phase three, 2008-09: classes V and VIII NCERT has gradually been changing the curriculum from traditional information provision to be more learner-oriented and competence-based. National Curriculum Framework 2000 The National Curriculum Framework 2000 operates with the concept of the Minimum Levels of Learning (MLLs) identifying certain essential levels of learning for each stage of school education. Pre-primary education The National Policy on Education defines the objective of early childhood care and education (ECCE) as being the total development of children in the age group 0-6 years. Early Childhood Education (ECE) or pre-primary education (2 years), part of the ECCE, shall prepare children for school. Teaching at this stage, according to the National Curriculum Framework, comprises group activities, play–way techniques, language games, number games and activities directed at promoting socialisation and environmental awareness among children. Formal teaching of subjects and reading and writing are prohibited. However, NCERT strongly criticised the actual pre-school programmes for exposing children to structured formal learning, often in 7 English with tests and homework, in the introductory notes to the new National Curriculum Framework 2005. The competition for the best education starts at a very early age. Newspapers from September 2005 in India report of tremendous pressure on three-year old children being prepared by their parents for nursery interviews and competing with a huge number of other children for places in the most prestigious private pre-schools. The newspapers report on private persons/institutes that offer help to parents in preparing their children for nursery interviews. Other newspapers report the need for psychological support for children having developed speaking difficulties after having been exposed to onerous preparation by their parents for nursery interviews. Primary education At the primary stage, emphasis is on the process of understanding, thinking and internalising. The National Curriculum contains the following subjects: Subject Language(s) Lower primary Classes I-II The mother tongue/regional language. Lower primary Classes III-V The mother tongue/regional language Upper primary Classes VI-VIII Three Languages — the mother tongue/the regional language, a modern Indian language and English All kind of creative activities including the child’s own creations Essentials of mathematics for every day activities, including geometry – Art education Mathematics Art of healthy and productive living Woven around the world of the learner Creative education, health and physical education, work education, value inculcation Integrated approach Environmental studies – Health and physical education – Science and technology Social sciences – Work education – Integrated approach to music, dance, drama, drawing and painting, puppetry, health and physical education, games and sports, yoga and productive work Experiences to help socio- emotional and cultural development with a realistic awareness and perception of phenomena occurring in the environment Games and sports, yoga, NCC and scouting and guiding Key concepts across all the disciplines of science, local and global concerns Social, political and economic situation of India and the world, including Indian cultural heritage. Academic skills social skills and civic competencies Agricultural and technological processes including participation in work situation Source: National Curriculum Framework 2000 8 In all language education programmes, the stress is placed on the ability to use the language in speech and in writing for academic purposes, at the workplace and in society in general. The duration of a class period may be around 40 minutes and, according to NCERT, the school year should be a minimum of 180 days, and â€Å"†¦A primary school should function for five hours a day out of which four hours may be set aside for instruction. For the upper primary and secondary schools, the duration of a school day should be six hours out of which five hours should be kept for instruction and the rest for the other routine activities. † Secondary education (2 years, grades IX-X) In grades IX-X the scheme of studies should include the following subjects: three languages (the mother tongue/the regional language, a modern Indian language and English), mathematics, science and technology, social sciences, work education, art education, health and physical education. Foreign languages such as Chinese, Japanese, Russian, French, German, Arabic, Persian and Spanish may be offered as additional options. The curriculum in mathematics should take into account both the learning requirement of learners who will leave school for working life, and of students who will pursue higher education. According to the NECRT Secondary School Curriculum 2002-2004 (Vol.1, Main Subjects) the suggested number of weekly periods per subject in grade X is as follows: Subject Language I Language II Mathematics Science and technology Social science Work education or pre-vocational education Art education Suggested number of periods in grade X 7 6 7 9 9 3 + 2 to 6 periods outside school hours 2 The boards, however, according to NCERT, often offer limited or no optional courses: two languages (one of which is English), mathematics, science and social sciences are the typical examination subjects. A few boards encourage students to choose an optional course from a range that includes economics, music and cookery. Higher secondary/Senior secondary education (2 years, grades XI–XII) The curriculum at this stage is divided into an academic stream and a vocational stream. Academic stream The objectives of academic courses are to promote problem-solving abilities and convey higher levels of knowledge. The curriculum at this stage comprises foundation courses and elective courses. Foundation courses consist of (i) language and literature, (ii) work education, and (iii) health and physical education, games and sports. The study of language prepares a student to both learn and use language in the classroom, the community and the workplace. The choice of the language to be studied is decided by the learner. Work education includes e. g. developmental projects in a village or city. Generic Vocational Courses (GVC) aim at developing employment-related generic skills regardless of the persons’ occupations. The student should choose three elective courses out of the subjects 9 prescribed by the boards. Elective courses may include bridging courses between the academic and vocational streams. The list of courses may include modern Indian languages, Sanskrit, classical European languages and their literatures, English (academic and specialised), other foreign languages, subjects in the sciences and mathematics, computer science, accountancy, business studies, engineering, political science, history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, fine arts and others. NCERT prescribes that courses should be listed together without dividing them into mutually exclusive groups. Nonetheless, several boards restrict the combinations in the form of a ‘science stream’, ‘arts stream’ and ‘commerce stream’. Some schools tailor their classes to medical and engineering courses. Universities restrict admissions based on the subjects and combinations of courses studied in the +2 stage. Sixty percent of the instructional time is devoted to the instruction of elective subjects and forty percent to the foundation course. Vocational stream The introduction of the vocational stream was recommended by the central Kothari Commission (1964-66). The National Policy on Education, 1986 (revised 1992) set a target of twenty-five percent of higher secondary students in vocational courses by 1995. So far, enrolment is far below this. The courses for the vocational stream consist of: †¢ A language course †¢ A general foundation course †¢ Health and physical education, and †¢ Elective vocational courses Vocational education covers areas like agriculture, engineering and technology (including information and communication technology), business and commerce, home science, health and para-medical services and humanities. Language courses are organised to cover the grammatical structures and additional vocabulary particular to the trade or vocation. The general foundation course for the vocational stream comprises general studies, entrepreneurship development, environmental education, rural development and information and communication technology. Vocational electives are organised according to employment opportunities. Practical training is an essential component of the vocational courses, according to the National Curriculum Framework, with seventy percent of time devoted to vocational courses. The certificate issued should mention the competencies acquired and the credits earned. Organisation The organisation of teaching is based either on an annual or semester system. In most cases, a year’s course is divided into two parts to be covered in the two halves of an academic session in the annual system. Marks are accorded to a certain number of periods; the total mark is an average of marks accorded to the different parts of curriculum in an annual or semestrial examination (e. g. a paper corresponding to a 3-hour written examination). 10 The example below copied from the Senior School Curriculum 2007 (Central Board of Secondary Education) illustrates a typical curriculum (in history) and the maximum marks accorded to the different parts of the curriculum. History/Class XI Paper One Unit Part A – Ancient India 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 30. Total Introduction Paleolithic Cultures and Beginning of settled Life Harappan Civilization The Early Vedic Period Later Vedic Phase and Iron Age South and North-East India Religious traditions Mahajanapada Mauryas Society, Economy and Culture during Mauryan period Post-Mauryan India The age of India from Guptas and after The Society and Culture in the age of Guptas and Harsha †¦ Project Work 100 marks 8 4 8 8 5 2 10 4 10 6 6 8 8 †¦ †¦. 5 8 9 5 2 7 7 Time: 3 Hours Periods 100 Marks Marks. In the semester system, recommended by NCERT, students take a number of credit hours corresponding to their requirements and capacity, and at their own pace. However, only a few institutions have adopted the semester and credit system. National Curriculum Framework 2005 The National Curriculum Framework 2005 points out the need for plurality and flexibility within education while maintaining the standards of education in order to cover a growing variety of children. The Framework recommends that learning shifts away from rote methods and that the curriculum reduces and updates textbooks. Peace education is included as a dimension in education. The new curriculum proposes a broader spectrum of optional subjects, including the revalorisation of vocational options. Courses may be designed to offer optional modules, rather than trying to cover everything and overfilling courses too much. The National Curriculum Framework 2005 also proposes changes within the examination system (examinations for classes X and XII) allowing reasoning and creative abilities to replace memorisation. The children should be able to opt for different levels of attainment. Textbooks 11 Most states have legislated to create bodies for the preparation of syllabi and textbooks. The states have established various mechanisms for the preparation and approval of textual materials. However, a study in 2005, undertaken by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), of textbooks used in government schools (not following the CBSE syllabus) and in nongovernment schools (including social and religious schools) showed that many textbooks reinforce inequalities and neglect rural, tribal or female realities. According to NCERT’ Newsletter, in 2005, CABE proposed the institution of a National Textbook Council to monitor textbooks. Source: – National Curriculum Framework 2000, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India – National Curriculum Framework 2005, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India – Newsletter July 2005, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India – Senior School Curriculum 2007, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), India, 2005 Examination and Assessment In all the states and Union Territories, public examinations are conducted at the end of classes X and XII by the respective State Boards of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Ministry of Human Resource Development has published a list of recognised state boards for secondary and higher secondary education. The minimum age for admittance to the Secondary School Examination generally varies from 14+ to 16+. The minimum age for Higher Secondary School Examinations varies from 16+ to 18+ years. Some states/UTs do not have an age restriction. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), established by a special resolution of the Government of India in 1929, prescribes examination conditions and the conduct of public examinations at the end of Standard X and XII. The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), Delhi, was established in 1958 by the University of Cambridge, Local Examinations Syndicate as a self-financing national examination board. The Council conducts the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (Standard X) and the Indian School Certificate (Standard XII) examinations. CISCE affiliates schools using English as a medium of instruction. The title of the final qualification varies depending upon the examining body. The titles used by the central examining boards are: CBSE: †¢ All India Secondary School Certificate (Standard X). †¢ All India Senior School Certificate (Standard XII). 12 CISCE: †¢ Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE Standard X). †¢ Indian School Certificate (ISC Standard XII). †¢ Certificate of Vocational Education (CVE XII). Information from the procedure of the All India Senior School Certificate (Standard XII) (extract): The Board conducts examination in all subjects except General Studies, Work Experience, Physical and Health Education, which will be assessed internally by the schools based on cumulative records of students periodical achievements and progress during the year. In all subjects examined by the Board, a student will be given one paper each carrying 100 marks for 3 hours. However, in subjects requiring practical examination, there will be a theory paper and a practical examination as required in the syllabi and courses. A candidate may offer an additional subject that can be either a language at elective level or another elective subject as prescribed in the Scheme of Studies, subject to the conditions laid down in the Pass Criteria. A candidate will get the Pass Certificate of the Board, if he/she gets a grade higher than E in all subjects of internal assessment unless he/she is exempted. Failing this, result of the external examination will be withheld but not for a period of more than one year. In order to be declared as having passed the examination, a candidate shall obtain a grade higher than E (i. e. at least 33% marks) in all the five subjects of external examination in the main or at the compartmental examinations. The pass marks in each subject of external examination shall be 33%. In case of a subject involving practical work a candidate must obtain 33% marks in theory and 33% marks in practical separately in addition to 33% marks in aggregate in order to qualify in that subject. A candidate failing in two of the five subjects of external examination shall be placed in compartment in those subjects provided he/she qualifies in all the subjects of internal assessment. A candidate who has failed in the examination in the first attempt shall be required, to re-appear in all the subjects at the subsequent annual examination of the Board. A candidate who has passed the Senior School Certificate Examination of the Board may offer an additional subject as a private candidate provided the additional subject is provided in the Scheme of Studies and is offered within six years of passing the examination of the Board. A candidate who has passed an examination of the Board may reappear for improvement of performance in one or more subject(s) in the main examination in the succeeding year only; however, a candidate who has passed an examination of the Board under Vocational Scheme may reappear for improvement of performance in one or more subject{s) in the main examination in the succeeding year or in the following year provided he/she has not pursued higher studies in the mean time. He /she will appear as private candidate. Candidates who appear for improvement of performance will be issued only Statement of Marks reflecting the marks of the main examination as well as those of the improvement examination. Central Board of Secondary Education Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is one of the three national boards of secondary education in India. CBSE has affiliated around 8,300 schools including government and independent 13 schools. It also affiliates schools in some 20 African and Asian countries. About 200 new schools are affiliated each year. Study teams conduct regular inspections of the affiliated institutions. CBSE has a central office and 6 regional offices. Permanent affiliation is obtained after a number of years. Affiliation is granted according to strict criteria. A list of affiliated schools can be found on CBSE’ s website: http://www. cbse. nic. in. The major objective is to prescribe conditions of examinations and conduct public examinations at the end of Classes X and XII and to grant certificates to successful candidates of the affiliated schools. All affiliated schools follow the national scheme of 10+2. Here is an example of testimonial for All India Senior School Certificate Examination from 2000: CBSE is regulated but not financed by the central government. Financing is assured by fees from the affiliated schools. CBSE accepts private candidates. CBSE develops its curriculum on the basis of the national curriculum framework. The curriculum is revised every 5 to 10 years. Two of the front line curriculum subjects are revised every year. According to CBSE, it strives notably to adapt current teaching methods and content of teaching to an innovative and creative society in the form of subjects such as functional English, bio-technology, entrepreneurship, life skills education, and disaster management. An important objective is the destressing of education, including no homework or examinations in grades I and II and only achievement reports in grades III-V. Information technology is compulsory in grades IX +X. Language studies include a possible 27 different languages besides Hindi and English. One teacher may teach four subjects up to grade X. The board uses the term learner (for student) with emphasis on the learner’s role in learning. Two subjects undergo a performance analysis (marks, questions, learning) each year to cope with poor performance. 14 Examination is monitored and organised to avoid fraud. CBSE issues duplicates of certificates under certain conditions. CBSE also organises in-service training of teachers and special programmes for new principals. Grading Both Standard X and XII are normally marked on a percentage basis. The minimum passmark varies depending upon the subject. According to the UK NARIC, the following marking scheme is used in most states for the Standard XII examinations, in comparison with that used by the central boards. Performance CBSE assessment 85%+, 80-85%, 70- Excellent, Superior, Very A1-A2, B1 80% good 60% – 70% Good B2 50% – 60% Satisfactory C1 40% – 50% Average C2 35% – 40% Pass D Percentages Source: India, International Comparisons, UK NARIC CISCE One, two, three Four Five Six seven Documents The pass-document is issued by the relevant Board of Secondary Education. It shows the type of programme (academic or vocational), the subjects passed and the marks obtained out of total marks as well as the aggregate marks, percentage obtained, and result as well as the overall grade/division. National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) National Institute of Open Schooling (previously known as the National Open School) was established in November 1989 as an autonomous registered society. The institute provides basic programs such as secondary education courses and senior secondary education courses on an open education basis. NIOS conducts examinations twice a year and candidates can appear in one, two or more subjects. Credits are accumulated until the certification criteria are fulfilled. NIOS has at its disposal a network of accredited study centres all over India providing support to learners. Source – India, International Comparisons, UK NARIC (Website) – Secondary Education. Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (information on the Department’s website) 15 Islamic Education India also has a system of Islamic education. Several different sects have their own schools where they teach Islamic subjects and Arabic to mainly (but not only) Muslim children.

The Effect of the Media on Male and Female Body Images Essay - 1

The Effect of the Media on Male and Female Body Images - Essay Example The author of the essay begins with that the media exposure happens to everyone these days and even the younger people like the pre-pubescent children are not spared. These exposures lead the audience into believing certain things to be realities. These are common in body image problems in the society today, as the mass media are promoting body types that are perceived to be the ideal body type, as well as the desirable body type by the audience. This construct about the perfect body is vital in an individual’s aspect in building self-identity. The images that we see in the mass media, however, are not representations of the real body types that exist in reality. In the end author concludes that discrepancies in body image and mass media presentations of the ideal body can largely be blamed on mass media itself. Today’s media do not distinguish fiction and reality and thus makes the society regard the images that they see in the mass media as realistic representations. This is aggravated by the media trying to present artificial, airbrushed and heavily made up personas as realistic representations of beauty. These representations, therefore, become targets of comparison for themselves and these comparative activities make the audience, become less satisfied with their own appearance and make them vulnerable to eating disorders and the like. This is especially true for the females. Because of this, the males view the women as less attractive and rate their current relationships as less favourable.

The Managed Service Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Managed Service Business - Essay Example On the other hand, it would be very cost effective, efficient and convenient if food services will be outsourced because all it takes is doing business with a catering company where the business requirements for food services are specified for the catering/outsourced company to provide. All they have to do is pay the outsource company and they will be freed from the inconvenience and complexity of sourcing raw materials, cooking them, presenting them, maintaining personnel and equipment among others. Basically, outsourcing the food service to a third party will allow the business to focus its energy, resources and expertise on its core business for it to become more competitive in the business it is engaged in. The most obvious advantage of outsourcing food services to a management contractor is convenience and cost efficiency. The function of a management contractor is already very demanding which takes a lot of time, energy and resources and the company would be better off if they will focus on their core business. If they will add the food service to their function, this will take away time, energy and resources from them which could have been used in other things such as focusing on their business. In addition, it would be more efficient if a caterer or a business company would handle the food service since this is their core business and therefore has the competency to do it better. A food caterer will require less time, effort and resources to provide the food service than if the management contractor will do it themselves. Food service operations are laborious, time bound and risky. It is another business competency that is better left to be done by another business that has the expertise to do it. It involves acquisition of raw materials, preparation to serving the foods to maintenance of equipment to managing people. It is aggravated by the fact that foods cannot last long in inventory and therefore,

Inclusion of Disabled Children in Primary Education Essay

Inclusion of Disabled Children in Primary Education - Essay Example This education consists of six or seven years. The children enrolled in primary education are of the age of five or six years. According to UNESCO (UNESCO, 1994) almost 70 % of the children enroll for primary education. This report also suggests that most governments in all parts of the world are ready to archive a full universal enrollment of all children in primary schools by the year 2015. Disability is defined as an impairment, which can be either physical or mental that limits a human being from performing activities performed by an ordinary person. The Disability Discrimination Act(DDA) defines disability as a mental or physical limitation that has substantial long term negative effect on the person and limits his/her ability to perform day to day duties. With respect to this definition; substantial indicates that the disability can be minor or major. Long term means that its effects can last for one year minimum, the activities that the disabled person is unable to perform include but not limited to speech, hearing, sight, manual work, movement and reasoning power. According to research conducted by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), the areas affected by disability include; performance of general task, communication impairment, limited or no mobility, lack of self care, limited learning ability, inability to carry out domestic function, inability for relationship with other people and the community as a whole. some of the most common disability among human being include; deafness, which is the inability to hear, blindness which is the inability to see, lameness which is the inability to walk or perform other physical tasks and mental retardation or cognitive disability which is the inability to reason or solve problems normally. According to a report by UNESCO (UNESCO, 1994) the implementation of inclusive education would be more advantageous to the disabled children in the long run. The report highlights that the inclusion of the disabled children will lead to the enhancement of a cooperative spirit between the disabled children and the other students. This will help the other students to accept the disabled children as part of the society. The other children will also help them in adapting to the ordinarily system of learning. Implementation of inclusive education is considered to be beneficial to all the children in the long run, initially the disabled children may feel a little different from other kids, but with time the children accept their differences. The children with disability will also run how to tolerate and accept each other differences. Special schools These are schools, specially designed and staffed with specially trained and experienced tutors in order to cater for education needs of disabled children. In these schools the student are given high attention and the teacher. The student- teacher ratio is less than 6:1. In addition, these students have special facilities e.g. sensory rooms, special swimming pools and other facilities that aid these children develop, learn, play and interact with each other. Some of these special schools include; school for the blind, school

Is Prvnt_on lwys Bttr thn Cur The case of Brst Cncr Scrn_ng Assignment

Is Prvnt_on lwys Bttr thn Cur The case of Brst Cncr Scrn_ng - Assignment Example The introduction of the new health care policy in the 1970’s which emphasized on health promotion as the proposed strategy for the prevention of diseases, in particular diseases in which lifestyle factors had a definitive causative role, marked the beginning of this new era of preventive medicine (Larsen, 2010). Over the centuries, there has been a widespread belief amongst both the health care providers and the general population that prevention is better than cure. However, the effectiveness of such an approach towards health care is oft debated and more recently, the term ‘Preventionitis,’ which challenges this belief, has evolved and has gained popularity. Preventionitis’ is a political term that seeks to question the commonly held belief that prevention is a better and a more cost effective method, than curing a range of the nation’s health problems. In the view of many, some preventative medicine works whilst much does not. In addition, the cos ts of failure are high and this challenges the dogma that prevention is cheaper than cure (Le Fanu & Social Affairs Unit, 1994). The provision of preventive health services falls under the domain of public health. Public health is an umbrella term which encompasses a wide range of health services offered to the public and has been defined as ‘The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of the society (Ewles & Simnett, 2003).’ Preventive Medicine offers a wide range of services for the public, including and not limited to, personal health checks, family planning and immunization (Ewles & Simnett, 2003). In addition, other services offered include health education, screening for various diseases, counselling regarding health care and adaptation of healthy behaviours, and provision of preventive medications in cases where it is available (USPSTF, 2010). It is important to remember, however, that public health is a multidisciplinary and multifaceted phenomenon and its scope is not just limited to the aforementioned services. The opponents of the preventive approach to health care present several arguments against the effectiveness of preventive strategies in health promotion. It is believed that prevention of illness is limited by the fact that most of us live out our natural lifespan and die of disease that is determined by the ageing process; since this is a predetermined phenomenon, any improvement in an individual’s lifespan or quality of life is small (Le Fanu & Social Affairs Unit, 1994). Studies have revealed that the increase in life expectancy by preventing or curing all cancers for those between the ages of 15 and 65, even if this were possible, would be only seven months. Moreover, the limitation of prevention policies by epidemiology, which raises association between disease and life style factors, is unhelpful in providing proof (Le Fanu & Social Affairs Unit, 1994). Thu s, all these factors have contributed towards the questionable nature of the efficacy of preventive health services being offered to the public. An important aspect of preventive health is health awareness which can be achieved by health education. An effective strategy in promoting screening modalities for cancers amongst the general public is by means of mass awareness campaigns. Awareness campaigns relating to cancer are common at the present

Smarties Chromatography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smarties Chromatography - Research Paper Example The sample candies will be taken from a regular pack of Smarties. The product information detailing the ingredients of the candy will be utilized to reference what chemicals have been used for each of the colors selected. The experiment is expected to be able to breakdown the color composition of the color of Smarties that have been selected. It can be reasonably predicted that specific colors have a determined combination of pigments and would likely vary directly to the degree of similarity between the colors ("Chromatography: Introduction Theory", 2007). At the same time, it can be expected that the chemicals or substances used for each color will vary in a parallel manner. The experiment results are also expected not to follow faithfully color combination schemes since chemical reactions must also be considered ("Chromatography", 2006). Also, the researchers can expect that some of the color additives are not just to affect the colors for the candies but may also serve to enhance or to stabilize the color. Chromatography is actually a broad term that refers to several laboratory techniques that can be used for the separation of mixtures. The basic principle in any chromatographic experiment involves the processing of a mixture through a stationary phase that separates the mixture to be analyzed or studied to identify it from the other molecules in mixture ("Chromatography: Introduction Theory", 2007). This has the effect of isolating individual molecules in the mixture that can be seen as a band in the separating medium. Chromatography in laboratory settings entails the use of sophisticated equipment and the materials used like chromatographic paper is quiet expensive. However, chromatographic experiments can be done using ordinary materials that can be found in one's kitchen as long as the basic principles are maintained as described in the preceding paragraph. Variable to Consider In order to maintain the integrity of the experiment, it is important to maintain uniformity of the solution to dissolve and extract the pigmentation form the candies, the number of candies to be used in each extraction, the saline solution to be used for the separation of the samples, the integrity of the sampling and the ambient condition for each sampling. In the course of the experiment, the research is expected to have difficulty in limiting the sugar content of the samples during color extraction. There may be also difficulty in being able to have equal numbered sample colors from each pack of Smarties since they are packed indiscriminately. There should also be some expected difficulty in developing pigment or color samples that are of equal concentration since density of color coatings may vary during the production of the candies. In the observance of the color spectrum that will become evident, the research is limited into observing what colors will compose each candy. The observations will not consider the intensity of the colors or the amount of time they develop on the medium to be used. The observations will focus on quantifying the colors or pigments used from each extracted sample rather than qualifying any of the observations Preliminary Work As part of the preliminary investigation for

Think Globl ct Locl Discuss th implictions of Thodor Lvitts sttmnt Essay

Think Globl ct Locl Discuss th implictions of Thodor Lvitts sttmnt - Essay Example Onc compny introducs its products or srvics on th scond country-mrkt, it will unvoidbly b pron to impos its prvious xprinc, spcilly if th compny oprtion in th grt numbr of ntionl mrkts. Mrkting strtgy dcisions in such cs cn b bsd ginst th xtr-mrkt critri. For instnc, pric lvls r st up in ordr to limint th diffrnc mong mrkts nd to sustin pric corridor, comprd to th sitution whr you just purly rflct locl mrkt conditions. Subsidizing of pric lvls by multintionl is lso common prctic nd is usd for strtgic rsons. Strtgy of th compny tht is xpnding brod dpnds on mny fctors, in som cs it is just pursu of lrning nd somtims it is high profitbility trgt tht r st up upfront. nothr componnt of th mrkting mix tht is diffrnt nd should b tilord to th spcific mrkt is distribution chnnl infrstructur, which should b lso rsponsibl for mrkting strtgy. Th distribution ntwork hs lso to contribut lot to strtgy for growth, nd s rsult it is judgd on orgniztionl critri such s fsibility, lvl of risk, supportbility, nd control issus. Mnwhil, distribution mngmnt in domstic mrkts is mostly proccupid by th rliztion of lrdy xisting mrkting strtgis nd is minly judgd ginst fficincy or cost-minimiztion critri. Thodor Lv Thodor Lvitt's is fmous for nlyzing nd rconciling dilmms tht compny will ncountr onc gon intrntionl. On of his controvrsil rticl Mrkting Myopi stts tht succssful businss should not only know whn to ntr, but lso whn to xit th mrkts is sttd in on's of Lvitts' Mrkting Myopi rticl: "Th rilrods did not stop growing bcus th nd for pssngr nd fright trnsporttion dclind. Tht grw. Th rilrods r in troubl tody not bcus th nd ws filld by othrs (crs, trucks, irplns, vn tlphons), but bcus it ws not filld by th rilrods thmslvs. Thy lt othrs tk customrs wy from thm bcus thy ssumd thmslvs to b in th rilrod businss rthr thn in th trnsporttion businss. Th rson thy dfind thir industry wrong ws bcus thy wr rilrod orintd instd of trnsporttion-orintd; thy wr product-orintd instd of customr-orintd." Probbly thr r two ltrntivs tht compny cn dopt whil thinking globlly, "Think globl, ct locl" nd "Think locl, ct globl", th scond ltrntiv sms to b th pur rsult of th globliztion. Thodor Lvitt wrot in his rticl (1983, citd in Hrbig 1998) tht culturl prfrncs will blong to th pst nd th world will bcom mor nd mor th sm. Th nds nd wnts will bcom th sm vrywhr in th world. Lvitt implicitly sttd tht globl cmpigns will ttin long-stnding succss only whn thy will mt th nds of ch nd vry. H suggstd tk into considrtion th similritis nd do not focus too much on th diffrncs of culturs. To confirm his sttmnt Lvitt uss th xmpls of Coc-Col, McDonlds, Ppsi-Col nd Mrlboro. But in fct, thos compnis do not us Lvitts' id of th globl cultur strtgy. Or cours, Lvitt's work undrstimts th diffrnc btwn globliztion nd intrntionliztion, btwn multintionl nd globl corportion. Th dominnc of trditionl plyrs is rflctd through th intrntionliztion, nd th multintionl is focusd on th production of good for locl mrkts. In my o pinion, globliztion involvs nw typ of rltionship mong ll compnis nd countris. Th diffrnc btwn rgionl, intrntionl, nd globl mrkts is significnt points tht should b tkn into ccount by

Music in the 1950 the artist Nat king Cole Essay

Music in the 1950 the artist Nat king Cole - Essay Example Beginning with the talent as a jazz pianist, Nat King Cole realized the early signs of increasing determination and love towards music at age four when his mother taught him how to play the organ. Eventually, this motivation enhanced his initial jazz performances which further led him to consider interests on rhythms both gospel and classical in nature. With this extent of capability and admiration, he had all the more developed a prominent edge as a jazz-labeled artist, performing in a range of jamming sessions at clubs and events as in the Jazz at the Philharmonic concerts, then creating a rather exhilarating impact on other big bands of the black culture through his personal concept of the jazz trio during the 1930s. As popularized by the trio composed of Nat himself as the pianist leading the combo, guitarist Oscar Moore, and double bassist Wesley Prince, this groundbreaking setup with piano, guitar, and bass greatly persuaded Cole’s moderate contemporaries and musicians o f the modern times to align their attitude in music with his fashion. Evidently, Nat King Cole’s innovation with jazz in this manner may be recognized to bear striking semblances with the styles of blues pianists Ray Charles and Charles Brown, as well as in the compositions of Art Tatum, Oscar Peterson, and Ahmad Jamal among those in major labels. In the short-lived melodic history of his making, Nat King Cole had been able to keep himself dynamic, moving from place to place as he played piano over jazz bars, on Broadway domains that made him accomplish pieces for Eubie Blake’s musical ‘Shuffle Along’ in particular, and in the other venues that witnessed his way with music, giving him followers out of the regular audience and certain artists alike. It did not take a great deal of perseverance to establish his ample influence given the frequency of his band’s live performances and the number of recorded radio transcriptions and locations where the ty pe of jazz rendered by Nat King Cole served a major stimulation for the public prone to romantic mood. On shifting to do vocals, however, he became obliged to go by the standards of the mainstream which at first received unfavorable remarks from both his fans and jazz critics yet this move flourished Cole’s singing career and in 1943, ‘Straighten Up and Fly Right’ with a gospel theme turned out to be his first vocal hit. After obtaining a sustainable market for this folk-based song, Nat King Cole was later inspired to attempt crossing grounds with rock and roll, a simultaneously ensuing demand at the time, which truly was a huge transformation from the origins his true identity was attached. By maintaining a pop-oriented status, Nat consequently sought the need to replace his traditional jazz trio setup by a new approach, often with string accompaniment. Thus, when some of the songs notched at the pop chart like ‘Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer’ at number six, the inevitable direction to popularity built in him an icon that most people looked up to during the early stage of rock and roll. Of the songs that captivated rare appreciation of the public, it is specially notable to pay tribute to Cole’s authentic and outstandingly beautiful rendition of the classic ‘Mona Lisa’ which ranked first for over two months in the 1950’

Bussiness memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bussiness memo - Assignment Example In spite of the fact that the essentials of satellite correspondences are reasonably clear, there is a colossal financing needed in building the satellite and propelling it into space (Verma et al ). All things considered numerous correspondences satellites exist in circle around the globe and they are generally utilized for an assortment of requisitions from giving satellite telecommunications connections to guide television and the utilization of satellite telephone and singular satellite correspondence joins. However, satellite correspondences frameworks give huge levels of adaptability and versatility give the open doors to numerous satellite interchanges frameworks (Macy et al ). In spite of the fact that the beginning base expenses are high, frequently new remote stations could be included moderately economically as new lines dont have to be introduced to give correspondence to the new remote station, not at all like wire based telecommunications frameworks or numerous physical remote connections were repeater stations may be required. Here the satellite empowers correspondences to be created over substantial separations - well past the viewable pathway. Correspondences satellites may be utilized for some requisitions including transferring phone calls, giving interchanges to remote territories of the Earth, giving satellite interchanges to ships, flying machine and other portable vehicles, and there are a lot of people more courses in which interchanges satellites could be utilized (Helfers 415). Verma, Ajeet Singh, et al. "Measurement of reliability and availability of satellite communication links: Progress and challenges."Â  Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (ISSP), 2013 International Conference on. IEEE,

Andy Warhol and His work on the Contemporary Art Essay Example for Free

Andy Warhol and His work on the Contemporary Art Essay Andy Warhol (1928-1987) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, less commonly known as Andrew Warhola, was a central figure in the pop art category. He is an American artist who reigned around the world as a painter, author, avant-garde filmmaker and as a public personage for his connection to many people of different fields of work and status. Warhol studied in Carnegie Institute of Technology (now known as the Carnegie Mellon University) to hone his artistry (www. artgallery. com, 2008). Warhol unify his works through the Keatonesque style which is aritistically and personally affectless. In his work s a Pop artist, conceptual aspects were always there as a key factor. His art was known for its irony, in most of its sense. Campbell’s soup cans was probably his most famous work. The mundane images he made were turned to the so-called ironic art through enlargement, hand-painting or silk-screening. He always mentioned that the idea of his work is always at the surface of his work, obvious, apparent. Other attributes of his work were slight color changes using ink spots (www. pbs. org, 2007). His work reveals contemporary art in such a way it concerns some human desires that never ceases to revolve around. He even made his film where he was an international celebrity and a pop artist. His experiences with many people brought him the ideas of what is contemporary, and made sure that no traces of the artists can be recognized from his artwork.

Wat waren de belangrijkste atoomprojecten

Wat waren de belangrijkste atoomprojecten Het Manhattan Project Op 2 augustus 1939 schreef Albert Einstein een brief aan de Amerikaanse president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, wat de aanzet zou hebben gegeven voor het Manhattan Project. In deze brief meldde Einstein dat de Duitsers bezig waren een atoombom te ontwikkelen. Amerika besloot om ook een atoombom te ontwikkelen en er alles aan te doen om de Duitsers voor te blijven in de ontwikkeling. Het Manhattan Project is een codenaam voor een geheime operatie tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Dit project heeft geleid tot de ontwikkeling van de eerste atoombom. Het project werd geleid door de Verenigde Staten in samenwerking met Canada en het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Formeel werd het project aangewezen als het Manhattan Engineering District (MED). Dit verwijst specifiek naar de periode van 1941 tot 1946 toen het onder controle stond van het US Army Corps of Engineers met als leider generaal Leslie R. Groves. De onderzoeken stonden onder leiding van de joods-Amerikaanse natuurkundige J. Robert Oppenheimer. Hij werd dan ook wel gezien als ‘De vader van de atoombom. Dit project was begonnen vanwege de angst die wetenschappers hadden sinds nazi-Duitsland in de jaren 30 een onderzoek was begonnen naar nucleaire wapens. Het Manhattan Project is tot stand gekomen uit een klein onderzoeksprogramma in 1939. Het groeide uit tot een groot project met meer dan 130.000 werknemers en het kostte uiteindelijk bijna 2 miljard dollar, wat voor die tijd heel veel was. Het resulteerde in verschillende onderzoeken en productieplaatsen met geheime onderzoeksmethoden. De onderzoeken vonden plaats op meer dan dertig locaties in de Verenigde Staten, Canada en het Verenigd Koninkrijk. De drie belangrijkste onderzoek- en productieplaatsen van het project waren de plutonium productie faciliteit wat nu Hanford (Washington) heet, de uraniumverrijking faciliteiten bij Oak Ridge (Tennessee), en het wapen onderzoek en ontwerp laboratorium wat nu bekend is als Los Alamos National Laboratory (New Mexico). Op 16 juli 1945 vond de eerste atoomproef plaats, deze werd tot ontploffing gebracht op een stalen toren bij de luchtbasis Alamangordo in New Mexico. Het had een enorme kracht en de hitte was zo verschroeiend dat de toren helemaal verdween en het woestijnzand in een straal van 700 meter in glas veranderde. Voor de proef wist niemand of de bom zou werken, maar het was zeker succesvol. Uranverein Het Duitse nucleaire project in nazi-Duitsland, bekend als het Uranverein (uranium club), begon in april 1939. Dit was slechts een paar maanden na de ontdekking van kernsplijting in januari 1939. Het programma heeft tot de volgende uitvindingen geleidt: de Uranmaschine (nucleaire reactor), uranium en het scheiden van uraniumisotopen. Het hoogtepunt was het moment dat ze erachter kwamen dat met kernsplitsing de oorlog niet beà «indigt zou worden. In januari 1942 droeg het leger het project over aan het Reich Research Council, maar ze bleven er wel mee verbonden door het te financieren. Vanaf dit moment is het project opgesplitst in 9 grote instituten waar de leiders van die instituten hun eigen doelstellingen nastreefden. Ook nam het aantal wetenschappers dat werkte aan dit project enorm af. De meest invloedrijke mensen binnen het Uranverein waren Kurt Diebner, Abraham Esau, Walther Gerlach en Erich Schumann. Schumann was een van de meest krachtige en invloedrijke fysici in Duitsland. Diebner werkte al zijn hele leven aan het nucleaire energie project en had er veel controle over. Abraham Esau werd aangesteld als leider van het kernfysica onderzoek in plaats van Hermann Gà ¶ring in december 1942; Walther Gerlach volgde hem in december 1943 weer op. Door het aanscherpen van de regels van de Duitse academische wereld onder het nationaalsocialistische regime, vertrokken vele natuurkundigen en wiskundigen uit Duitsland in 1933. De Joden die het land nog niet hadden verlaten werden hierna snel verwijderd uit Duitse instellingen, dus ook uit de academische wereld. Aan het einde van de oorlog, streden de geallieerden om de overgebleven onderdelen van de nucleaire industrie (personeel, faciliteiten en materiaal). Het Sovjetproject De Sovjet-Unie begon interesse te krijgen in nucleaire fysica in de vroege jaren 30, een tijdperk waarin een aantal belangrijke nucleaire ontdekkingen en resultaten werden gedaan, namelijk de identificatie van het neutron en proton als fundamentele deeltjes en de eerste atoomsplitsing door John Cockcroft en Ernest Walton. Het Sovjetproject voor de ontwikkeling van een atoombom werd gestart nadat Jozeph Stalin gehoord had van de Amerikaanse inspanningen om een atoombom te ontwikkelen. Hij werd door Georgii Flerov geÃÆ' ¯nformeerd in april 1942. Het was erg verdacht dat er niets werd gepubliceerd in het nieuws en dus drong Flerov Stalin aan om een atoomproject te beginnen. Omdat de Sovjet-Unie nog steeds betrokken was bij de oorlog met Duitsland op het thuisfront, was een project op grote schaal nog niet mogelijk. Toch was het noodzakelijk een atoomproject te beginnen om teveel achterstand te voorkomen. De leider van het project was in eerste instantie minister van Buitenlandse Zaken Vjatsjeslav Molotov, maar hij werd in 1944 vervangen door Lavrentii Beria. De wetenschappelijk leider van het project was de kernfysicus Igor Kurchatov. Andere belangrijke personen waren Yuli Chariton, Yakov Zeldovich en de theoretisch ontwerper van de waterstofbom, Andrei Sacharov. Het Sovjet atoom project profiteert van de zeer succesvolle spionage inspanningen van de Sovjet militaire inlichtingendienst (GRU) en de buitenlandse geheime inlichtingendienst NKVD. Bewijs dat afkomstig was van het Verenigd Koninkrijk had een rol gespeeld in de beslissing van de Sovjet staat in september 1942, om de resolutie 2352 goed te keuren. Dit was het begin van het Sovjet atoom project. Door de bronnen die men had in het Manhattan project, onder wie Klaus Fuchs, kreeg de Sovjet inlichtingendienst belangrijke informatie over de voortgang van de Amerikaanse atoombom. De rapporten werden getoond aan de wetenschappelijk leider van het project, Kurchatov, wat een belangrijke invloed had op zijn eigen onderzoek. Een voorbeeld hiervan is dat de Amerikanen de mogelijkheid hadden om plutonium te gebruiken in plaats van uranium in een kernsplijtingwapen. Op deze manier leerde Kurchatov veel van het Manhattan project. De Sovjet-Unie testte zijn eerste kernwapen in augustus 1949. De RDS-1 (Russisch: -1) (ook bekend als de eerste Lightning) werd voor het eerst nucleaire de Sovjet-Unie het wapen te testen. In het westen, was het code-Joe-1 genoemd, een verwijzing naar Stalin. Het was test-ontplofte op 29 augustus 1949 om Semipalatinsk, Kazachse SSR, na een top-secret R D project. [1] Het wapen werd ontworpen in het Kurchatov Instituut-op het moment dat officieel bekend staat als â€Å"Laboratorium 2,† maar aangewezen als het â€Å"kantoor† of â€Å"basis† in interne documenten-te beginnen in april 1946. Een uranium-235 werd gebouwd in de buurt van Chelyabinsk in 1948 [1]. De RDS-1 explosie leverde 22 kiloton TNT, vergelijkbaar met de Amerikaanse Gadget en Fat Man bommen. Op aandringen van Lavrenti Beria, werd de RDS-1 bom is ontworpen na de Fat Man bom op Nagasaki, Japan. De Russen noemden het eerste Lightning (Pervaya Molniya). Om de effecten van het nieuwe wapen, de werknemers gebouwde huizen gemaakt van hout en baksteen, samen met een brug en een gesimuleerde metro in de buurt van de test site te testen. Armor hardware en ongeveer 50 vliegtuigen werden ook aan de proeftuinen, evenals meer dan 1.500 dieren van de bom effecten op het leven te testen. [1] De resulterende gegevens bleek dat de RDS-explosie tot 50% meer destructief dan oorspronkelijk geraamd door de ingenieurs [1]. Er zijn verschillende verklaringen voor de USSR code-naam van het RDS-1, meestal een willekeurige aanduiding: een backronym â€Å"Special Jet Engine† (Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Specialnyi), of â€Å"Stalins Jet Engine† (Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Stalina), of â€Å"Rusland doet het zelf† (Rossija Delayet Sama). [1] Later werden ook wapens aangewezen RDS, maar met verschillende modelnummers. Reactie in het Westen Wanneer de radioactieve splijtingsproducten uit de test werden gedetecteerd door de US Air Force, de VS begon op het spoor van de nucleaire fallout puin te volgen. [2] President Truman kennis in de wereld van de situatie op 23 september 1949: â€Å"We hebben bewijzen dat binnen de afgelopen weken een atomaire explosie deed zich voor in de Sovjet-Unie †[3] Deze verklaring was een keerpunt in de Koude Oorlog, die net was begonnen. De Groene Run werd een geheime test uitgevoerd om de luchtmacht verkenningsvluchten voor toekomstige detecties van de Sovjet-kernproeven te helpen. [4] Nadat de Sovjet-Unie werd bevestigd in het bezit van de atoombom, de druk gemonteerd op de ontwikkeling en productie van de eerste waterstofbom

Types Of Organization Of Deloitte Management Essay

Types Of Organization Of Deloitte Management Essay Deloitte is a UK private company limited by guarantee, networks of members firm and refer to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited. Besides that, Deloitte provides audit, tax, consulting and financial advisory services to public and private customers. Furthermore, it globally connects with network of member firms with more than 150 countries. In additional, it has 200 000 professionals in different region. 2.1 Types of Organization of Deloitte Deloitte is a profit organization which generate profit from provide audit, tax consulting and financial advisory services to public or private customers in different industries. According to Ebrahimi, 2012, Deloitte grew with profit from 34million pound to 569 million pound. Deloittes audit business grew 663 million pound from 586 million pound in 2011, consultancy arm grew 524 million pound from 460 million pound in 2011, Tax up to 529 million pound and corporate finance grew to 402 million pound and others. So, it is a profit organization. Besides that, Deloitte is also a not for profit organization. It is providing the various integrated services such as audit, tax, consulting and finance advisory with run in complimentary events, seminars and publishes regular newsletters, article and others. Those are specific for charities and non for profit sector. According to Deloitte, 2012, Deloitte have assembled expert and specialists to advise their customers in non-profit sector. The expert and specialists team included charity tax group, ACEVO, NCVO and CFG. 2.1.1 Organization Structure of Deloitte mt_graphic_organisational_structure_2011_700x450_210211.jpg Figure 1.0 Organization structure mean arrangement of job within an organization and design it into 6 elements which work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralisation or decentralisation and formalization. Deloitte have use network video conference to coordination and integration in 150 countries. According to Hamblen, 2008, Sullivan national director for business services at Deloitte said that you will forget you are being in a video conference meeting because it is much closed and experience like you are being there. It shows that the straightforward manner of video conferencing. Therefore, video conferencing is a very direct communicates method. The organization structure of Deloitte has work specialization. Deloitte assign specific job for specific person to performance in the activities. The figure 1.0 shows that marketing departments employee work for sales of Deloitte. Therefore, sales person in marketing department must have the sale knowledges. According to Kokemuller, 2012, work specialization means the workplace practise of assigning specific task to individual. By using video conferencing, manager of marketing department at UK can direct take each task and assigns to their people with specific jobs. Therefore, manager can direct assign job to their employees. Besides that, Deloitte has designed departmentalization in their organization structure. The figure 1.0 shows that Deloitte has divided into few departments such as financial, information technology, affair, human resources, office administration, marketing and talent and others. It is grouping into an area in an organization. According to Business Dictionary, 2012, departmentalization refers to allocation to work group combine in functional area in an organization. By using video conferencing, different departments can direct communicate in different countries. Therefore, it helps Deloitte to effective communicate. Furthermore, Deloitte has designed chain of command in their organization structure. According to Deloitte Greece Ethics and compliance program guidelines, 2012, manager should provide counsel or referrals as appropriate to subordinates and employees should seek guidance from supervisors. It shows that the order from the top is authority so that employees should seek. By using video conferencing, broad of director in UK direct order office of CEO in different countries to assign tasks to manager of different departments in Malaysia. Therefore, it can direct order to employees. In Deloitte, it has designed the structure into wide span of control with network. There must a manager who responsibility to manage a large number of employees with efficiency and effectiveness. The number of employees can be hundred or more than hundreds. According to Business dictionary, 2012, the number of employees that manager can directly control. By using video conferencing, broad of director in UK can direct control the office of CEO of 150 countries. According to Hamblen, 2008, Nemertes Research states that telepresence service can be in multiple locations. Therefore, employers may not misunderstand. Next, Deloitte is a decentralization organization structure. According to Deloitte, 2012, the culture and behaviours of Deloitte has 7 signals which is CHAPTER. Every capital have own meaning. For example, E equal EMPOWERMENT. It shows that Deloitte is encouraging ownership to empowering their teams. Besides that, Deloitte provide support, guidance, entrust responsibility and authority to their people. Deloittes empowerment is similar with decentralization. By using video conferencing, broad of director can direct guide and provide support to office of CEO of different countries with video conferencing. Therefore, it save the decision making time. In additional, Deloitte is formalization structure organization. According to Business Dictionary, 2012, formal structure is organization of a business that is typically hierarchical in nature. It shows that how the information flow and the decision flow including who report to whom. By using video conferencing, office of CEO of Deloitte in different countries can report to broad of director directly with video conferencing. Besides that, the decision of broad of director can send to office of CEO of different countries. Therefore, it save the information flow time. 2.1.2 Deloittes Culture There are very general characteristics that every organizational must have to look into, if not the organizational culture wouldnt incomplete. All this characteristics is important because it make the business into own way. There are 7 characteristics belong to an organizational culture: 1. Innovation and risk taking 2. Attention to detail 3. Outcome orientation 4. People orientation 5. Team orientation 6. Aggressiveness 7. Stability Deloitte is an organization with high innovation and high risk taking culture. It is because Deloitte have contract with Nortel which around multimillion dollars for provide and manage the services. So that Deloitte may able to use the Nortels global infrastructure of multimedia network operations centers to operate video conferencing. Deloitte believes that video conferencing can save on travel costs. According to Hamble, 2008, Sullivan national director for business services at Deloitte said that video conferencing can be expensive but it counts the productivity and cost of wear and tear on people. Hence, Deloitte is an organization which high attention to detail in culture. It is because Deloitte is an accountancy largest international company which provide financial advisory, audit and other. Therefore, it may attention to detail in calculation, analysis, research and others, to ensure that do not give a wrong advice to customers. According to Morgan Mckinley, 2012, typically number cruncher or accountant would like to work through problems and have great attention to detail. By using video conferencing, employees can direct communicate with others countries for attention to detail in order to complete a task. Therefore, employees will more understand. Besides that, Deloitte is an organization pays more attention to result rather than process. It is because Deloitte turns to video conferencing to cut costs and carbon footprint. Based on the calculation of Nortel, a company spend 23 million dollars on travel cost annually can use telepresence to recover as 385000 hour of lost productivity, reduce footprint by up to 4200 tons and save 7 million dollars. Therefore, Deloitte practise outcome orientation. According to Fiscal Report of Deloitte, 2009, Green meeting results in recommendations covering general planning, use of remote participation, reduction of materials consumed, catering, and post-meeting recycling. Besides that, Green Travel results in less travel. It shows that video conferencing effective alternative travel. Furthermore, Deloitte has the characteristics of people orientation in culture. Deloitte is providing a good environment for his people to workplace which is video conferencing. It because to reduce the wear and tear of the people who travel often. Besides that, video conferencing can direct communicate with different area people. From the direct communication between people will more understand and productivity. Therefore, it will improve employee satisfaction and productivity. According to People Link, 2011, video conferencing is improving the productivity of people and satisfaction of people. Next, Deloittes culture has the characteristics of team orientation. Team orientation refer to the company believe team helps to get better results compare with individual. Deloitte has the leadership team of our strategy and operation practise focuses on understanding the complex needs of customers. According to Deloitte, 2012, building out a team selling seems more effective to accomplish by breaking down the plan one step at a time. It shows that Deloitte believe than working in team is really work and effective. By using video conferencing, leader at UK can direct guide and control his or her team efficiency and effectiveness. Moreover, Deloitte is a company which aggressiveness. Deloitte will reward his employees when they are getting the job done. According to Glassdoor, 2012, Deloitte pay reasonably compensation and beat most of the competition and industry standards. Besides that, Deloitte provide wellness program for his employees health. According to Deloitte, 2010, Organizations succeeding in every way generally require a robust wellness program which comprise 7 characteristics such as vision, optimism, strong employee engagement, and an investment mentality the least are the most likely to press their advantage and pursue one aggressively. From the statement above, it can be effectiveness aggressive in an organization. In additional, Deloitte is a stability company. Deloitte is part of the Big Four international professional services network in accountancy which included PWC, KPMG and Ernst Young. It shows that Deloitte is at the cash cows state which high market share and low market growth. According to Business Dictionary, 2012, cash cow means a brand, business unit, product or services that generate large and positive cash flow. Therefore, Deloitte will maintain its stability to avoid go to dog (Declines). 2.1.3 Relationship between Cultures with Structure of Deloitte Span of control aggressiveness Formalization stability Chain of command people orientation Departmentalization outcome orientation Work specialization team orientation Decentralization innovation and risk taking Attention to detail Figure 1.1 The characteristics of organization cultures have aggressiveness, stability, people orientation, outcome orientation, team orientation, innovation and risk taking and attention to detail. Besides that, the 6 elements of organization structure have formalization, chain of command, departmentalization, work specialization and centralization or decentralization. There has a relationship between the above culture and element or structure. The relationship between span of control and team orientation can be seen through the Deloittes manager of marketing department can control the marketing team. Therefore, that shows a clear relationship between span of control and team orientation. Next, span of control also make a connection with people orientation. Deloitte should hire managers to control his employees in Deloitte because a manager cannot control 100 above employees. Besides that, departmentalization is in relationship with team orientation. In Deloitte, there has different team follow a leader or manager to work together in a particular department. So, it has direct show the relationship between departmentalization and team orientation. Furthermore, decentralization is in relationship with people orientation. It is because Deloitte empower its employees to do certain decision. It shows that Deloitte is focus on people in order to satisfaction to improve productivity. Based on the statement, it shows the clear relationship. Next, decentralization is in relationship with outcome orientation. When Deloitte empower its employees it will save the time for waiting the top management to do decision. Some more, increase the productivity of employees work. Therefore, employees wouldnt feel someone is controlling him or her. Thus, it will related to innovation and low risk taking because after Deloitte empowered employees, it will not sure whether the decision making is right or wrong. Other, empowerment may bring organization innovation by employees do something new such as from unproductivity to productivity. Hence, Work specialization is relationship with people orientation. It is because Deloitte believe people can help company to be success. So, Deloitte hire specialists and assign work to them to complete it. Therefore, Deloitte is focusing in person who is specialist. Moreover, chain of command is connection with outcome orientation. It is because chain of command is toward the authority from top management. Typically, top management will more likely to see the result or outcome only. Therefore, chain of command has a relationship with outcome orientation. In additional, formalization related to aggressiveness by rule and procedure. Normally, large company such as Deloitte should wellness program for employees. By this, employees will feel satisfaction and safe for the working environment. So, employees will feel aggressiveness and loyal to work for Deloitte. Last, formalization is relationship with attention to detail. Deloitte is formal structure so that it will easier to attention to detail for solve the problem. It is because with a formal structure will easier to investigate in details about the cause and the root of the problem should a problem arise. Besides that, it also related to departmentalization. When facing a certain problem, different department will attention in detail to get the root of problem and solve it. In Conclusion, based on the organization chart, Deloitte is a hybrid structure. Besides that, the 7 characteristics belong into Deloittes culture. Furthermore, the organization design of Deloitte is virtual design. Accoding to Rouse, 2005, virtual organization is one whose members are geographically apart, usually working by email or groupware while to appearing to other to be a single. Therefore, Deloitte use video conferencing. 2.2 Definition of management and leadership Management refer to coordinating and overseeing the work of other people so that the activities can be accomplished efficiency and effectiveness. Typically, a management should have the function managers perform approach. This approach included planning, organizing, leading and controlling. According to Business Dictionary, 2012, the coordination of the activities of a business in order to achieve the objective. It shows that an organization needs management to coordinate so that can achieve the objective with efficiency and effectiveness. Leadership mean what a leader do or the process of influence other to achieve goal. There have two types of leadership which is transformational and transaction leadership. According to Maxwell, 1998, leadership is influence, nothing much and nothing less. It shows that leadership is process to influence people. 2.2.1 Function of Management of Deloitte Deloitte want to sustain growth in the market. It designed 5 steps of strategy to achieve the goal. To develop the plan, Deloitte assign the strategies to key employees to implement. For example, increase advertising, sale staff and others. Besides that, use vision and mission to articulate the goals. According to Rothbauer-Wanish, 2009, the first component of managing is planning so that manager must determine the organization goal and how to achieve it by follow the vision and mission statement of the company. Deloitte arrange and structuring the work to different departments to accomplish the organization goal. It provides resources to particular department. For example, marketing department needs 50 thousands to make an advertisement. According to Cliffnotes, after the planning, manager need to organize the team and material based on the plan. Besides that, Deloitte has taken leading in its management. Deloitte using video conferencing to direct communicate with its employees. Moreover, it is using 5 rewards priorities to attract, motivate and retain the talent of employees. Deloitte also empowered its employees by guiding and encouraging them to do decision. According to Cliffnotes, leading involve motivating, communicating, guide and encouraging. Furthermore, Deloitte has taken the last action which is controlling in its management. It is using video conferencing to direct control his employees. By this, manager can check the result and correction the work immediately if necessary. In additional, using video conferencing will reduce the travel costs so that is part to controlling function. According to Rothbauer-Wanish, 2009, controlling involved the monitoring of the organization to make sure the goal is achieving and manager should attention to the cost and performances. 2.2.2 Transformational and Transactional Leadership Deloitte has practised the transactional leadership to its followers. Deloittes motivation system is once the employees get a certain value in fulfilling goal then rewards only can be paid. According to Management Study Guide, 2012, transactional leader trust that motivating can be through a rewards and punishment system. Besides that, Deloitte use video conferencing to guide and motivate his employees. According to Improved Employees, 2012, use every type of communicating technology to better communicate with staff in order to improving employee motivation. Next, Deloitte has also practised the transformational leadership to its followers. Deloitte is inspiring his followers to perform by empowerment. For example, after Deloitte have empowered his employees, they will feel interest toward their job and build high performance in organization. Therefore, transformational leader influence and inspire employees. According to Management Study Guide, 2012, transformational leadership motivate and empower employee to achieve goal and encourage them to transcend their own interests. 2.3 Definition of Motivation and Performance Motivation is the combination of a persons desire, energy directed and keep toward to achieve a goal. Energy refers to measure of intensity or drive. For example, dream, desire, reward and other. Then, direction means toward organizational goal. For example, what should do in order to get the dream or some work. Last, persistence is exerting effort to achieve the goal. For example, do not give up and action to do something with effort to get the dream. According to Nelson and Quick, 2011, motivation is the process of arousing and sustaining goal directed behaviour. It shows that motivation must have the 3 elements in order to be motivated. According to Oxford dictionary, 2012, performance defines as the action or the process of performing a task or a function. It can be a task or operation seen in how successful of the performed. Therefore, an organization needs performance to success. 2.3.1 The Relationship between Motivation and Performance In Deloitte, training will improve an employee to motivate and perform in an organization. Deloitte provide different training program for employees to maximizing the enterprise performance. For example, customized training, learning, human capital, management solution and others. According to Wilks, 2010, improving employee motivation to do well training is a must. It shows that training is an essential part of organization. After provided training, employees learned new things then the department will be high performance in organization. Besides that, Deloitte is empowering his employees to perform in an organization. Based on Deloittes seven signals, one of the cultures is empowerment. Deloitte believes that empower his people will get motivation and performance of employees. For example, when a team was empowered by manager, they can create their own team structure and feel comfortable so it a way it works will increase productivity. According to Management Study Guide, 2012, empowerment should be given to employees because this helps perform the task in the best possible manner. Therefore, empowerment will bring the high performance in an organization. Furthermore, Deloitte is practise the reward system to motivate employees to perform in organization. At Deloitte, they reward employees for their good work but not only reward in their salary and through other mechanisms that allow Deloitte to credit employees effort over and above expectation. According to Richards, 2012, individuals are motivated by internal and externals factors. Externals factors included rewards, goal achievement, bonus and others. It shows that during the attracting by external factors, employees will perform well in organization. In additional, Deloitte also use video conferencing to motivate employees to get performance. It is because video conferencing can direct communicate with employees. By using video conferencing, the information exchange will be more understand. Therefore, it tent to motivate or influence employee behaviour. According to Anderson, 2012, clear and honest communication help to build closed relationship between manager and employee so that it assists employees in reaching maximum productivity. 2.4 Efficiency and Effectiveness Team Based on the definition of efficiency, effectiveness and team. Team refer to a group of people work together to achieve a common goal. Efficiency team refer to the team is doing the things right. For example, a team getting job done with use the less resources possible. Besides that, effectiveness team mean the team is doing right things. For example, the team attained the goal at the end. Therefore, efficiency and effectiveness team refer to the team which is doing right things and things right. 2.4.1 Technology of Deloitte Nowadays, technology is very popular in an organization. Small organization still following but almost all the large organization must have technology. According to Hayday, 2002, one in four UK offices believes that IT is the most useful thing in workplace. It shows technology is essential in organization. Besides that, technology divides into few types: Administrative Technology- telephones, vacuum cleaners, fax machines, printer and photocopies Instructional Technology- videotapes, internet, video recording, computer software, computer Information Technology- Deloitte Facebook, Deloitte Youtube, Deloitte Talent search, Thomas international, Deloitte Web site. It shows that Deloitte has uses this 3 types of technologies in the organization. 2.4.2 Advantages of Technology Given to Deloitte The advantages of administrative technology help Deloittes team to be convenience. The multifunction printer has the features of print, scan, photocopies and fax. Deloittes team can use the multiple function of the printer during their work. Therefore, Deloitte can buy a multifunction printer to instead a fax machines, a scan machines and a photocopies machines. According to Orth, 2012, a multifunction printer offers the convenience of additional features. It shows that printer help Deloittes team to be convenience. Therefore, during the process of printing Deloittes team save time and at the end Deloittes get the job done in time. Besides that, instructional technology helps Deloittes team to increase productivity. The Video conferencing helps Deloittes team direct communicate with each other. It is because direct communicate will increase team understanding. Therefore, it is increasing productivity of team. According to People Link, 2011, video conferencing help increase the productivity of managers because typically manager travelled for a short time meetings. It shows that video conferencing instead of wasting travelling time. Therefore, the process show understanding to the team and make right decision at the end. Furthermore, information technology helps Deloitte to store information into few wed site with a lower cost. By this, Deloitte employees can search and share their information on the specific web site. For example, Deloitte Facebook, Deloitte Youtube, Deloitte Talent search, Thomas international, Deloitte Web site. Therefore, Deloittes employees can log in to the web site by username and password. According to Buzzle, 2012, information provides a low cost business option to store and maintain information. It shows that company can save cost to store information. 2.4.3 Disadvantages of Technology Given to Deloitte The disadvantage of administrative technology of Deloitte is when a multifunction printing problem occurs will totally affect other function to perform. In this situation, it will affect Deloittes employees delay their work. Therefore, when multifunction printer problem will make employees unproductivity in organization. According to Orth, 2012, multifunction printer had problem will unable to use any of the devices function. It shows that the printer stop perform and need repair. Besides that, disadvantage of instructional technology of Deloitte is high cost and unstable connection. Deloitte use multimillion dollar to contract with Nortel in order to use Nortel system to operate the video conference. In additional, the maintenance video conference would be high also. Sometimes, heavy rainy or storming will affect the stability of connection. So, it will disconnection during half meeting. According to Video Conferencing Guide, 2010, the disadvantages of using video conferencing are high cost and stability of the connection. Last, the disadvantages of information technology of Deloitte is private of the New http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/good-news/9481512/Deloitte-sees-revenues-jump-as-recruitment-drive-looks-to-the-future.html http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_GB/uk/industries/charities-not-for-profit/index.htm http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9107878/Deloitte_picks_Nortel_for_managed_videoconferencing_ http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_AU/au/about-us/culture-beliefs/index.htm http://public.deloitte.com/media/0146/2009_cr_annual_report/cr_rw_iot.html http://www.peoplelink.in/advantages.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/primary-characteristics-of-organizational-culture.html http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/departmentalization.html http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/span-of-control.html http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/formal-structure.html http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_US/us/Services/consulting/human-capital/0e8c5a46db321310VgnVCM3000001c56f00aRCRD.htm http://www.glassdoor.com/Reviews/Employee-Review-Deloitte-RVW1772388.htm http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/Local%20Assets/Documents/Consulting%20MOs/us_consulting_mo_EmployeeWellness_070510.pdf http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cash-cow.html http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/virtual-organization http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management.html http://www.teal.org.uk/leadership/definition.htm http://suite101.com/article/four-functions-of-management-a113463 http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Functions-of-Managers.topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8848.html http://work.chron.com/work-specialization-4684.html http://www.morganmckinley.ie/article/why-most-accountancy-firms-will-hire-wrong-people http://www.sba.muohio.edu/abas/1998/krokosz.pdf Greece/Local%20Assets/Documents/Attachments/Deloitte%20Greece%20Ethics%20and%20Compliance%20Program%20Guideline%20September%202012.pdf http://managementstudyguide.com/transactional-leadership.htm http://improvedemployees.com/improve-employee-motivation/ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/performance http://www.the-no-sugar-coach.com/employee-training-motivation.html http://www.managementstudyguide.com/hygiene-and-motivation-factors-for-employee-engagement.htm http://smallbusiness.chron.com/employee-motivation-empowerment-process-4843.html http://smallbusiness.chron.com/role-communication-employee-motivation-11914.html http://www.zdnet.com/technology-in-the-workplace-more-important-than-managers-3002124187/ http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-information-technology.html http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-multifunction-printers-27357.html http://www.video-conferencing-guide.org/disadvantages-of-video-conferencing.html

The American Dream in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great Gat

The American Dream in Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby The 1920's were a time of parties, drinking and having nothing but fun. Many aspired to be rich and prosperous and longed to be a part of the upper class. Although this was the dream for many Americans of this time, it seemed almost impossible to become a part of this social class unless born into it. Even those who worked hard to become successful and support themselves and their families were not accepted into this elite group of men and women, despite the fact that they too most likely had everything. This was a running theme of this decade and only a few people knew how impossible this dream was. Although some could accomplish rising to the top, they still could not achieve true happiness. F. Scott Fitzgerald was one of these wise people and in The Great Gatsby he satirizes the American Dream by creating characters from new money, old money and the working class, who all fail miserably in achieving life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The new money of the New York area mostly settled in West Egg, Long Island. This is where Nick Carraway, the narrator of the story, and Jay Gatsby live. Gatsby is a self-made man who "sprang from his Platonic conception of himself" (95). Nick describes him as a man invented like that which a "seventeen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end" (95). This idea of a self-made man was very popular in this era. Many people, especially from the lower social classes, wanted more than anything to become rich and part of the upper society. In Gatsby's case, his motivation is Daisy, a girl from Louisville with whom he fell in love. When Gatsby realized that he wasn't good enough for her because s... ...ly belongs. She can never truly leave this place and what's even more ironic, she is killed by what she craves acceptance from and longs to be apart of, the aristocracy. Society during the 1920's was masked by drinking, parties and extravagant wastefulness of money, but underneath there was misery throughout all the classes. Despite the variety of income, inheritance and economics, "there was no difference between men, in intelligence or race, so profound as the difference between the sick and the well" and many men of this time were sick with depression (118). Fitzgerald makes it seem as though it was practically impossible to be happy during these times as no one could get what he or she really wanted. He describes this era in a cynical way but is historically accurate, and effectively depicts the misery of the decade and the failure to achieve the American Dream.